Bad loans:
@UPSC_18
Bad loans — or non-performing assets (NPAs) — were 9% of total loans of all Indian banks in September 2016 At public sector banks (PSBs), bad loans were 12% of all advancesAnother 3% of loans in the aggregate (and 4% at PSBs) have been restructuredThe Economic Survey (2016-17) quotes market analysts as saying that 4-5% of loans are bad loans that have not been recognised as suchThus, total stressed assets — NPAs, restructured loans and unrecognised bad loans — would amount to a staggering 16% of all loans and nearly 20% of loans at PSBs
The lending boom:
Today’s bad loan problem has arisen from the lending boom that India’s banks embarked on in the period 2004-08, a period that saw economic growth reach the 9-10% rangeHowever, that by itself did not create a problem of the current magnitudeNPAs, which are 9% of all loans today, were only half that level a year beforeIt is the failure to resolve the bad loan problem over the past several years that has exacerbated the problem
Solution to bad loans:
The best solution to a bad loan problem is to simply grow your way out of it. This can happen in two waysOne, banks keep financing projects that are not making repayments in full and would qualify as NPAsThey do so in the hope that, once growth revives, cash flows in the projects will improveTwo, banks grow their loan portfolio at a brisk rateAs the denominator in the ratio of bad loans to total loans grows, the bad loan problem automatically diminishes in significanceThat’s how India’s banking sector came out of the bad loan problem in the early 2000sRapid growth in the world economy and the Indian economy provided a painless solution
Why isn’t the economy reviving this time?
The “financing” strategy of continuing to make loans to unviable projects has come unstuckSerious policy errors have compounded the problemThe big policy error was the belief among policymakers that bad governance, bad management and even corruption at PSBs were primarily responsible for the problemA committee appointed by the RBI and headed by P.J. Nayak argued as much in a report it submitted in late 2014
Nayak Committee:
The committee seemed to think that majority government ownership of PSBs was the root cause of the bad loan problem as it meant political and bureaucratic interference with commercial decisionsSuch an inference, which has been duly echoed by the media, is patently incorrectAs the Economic Survey of 2016-17 point outs, the bad loan problem is “an economic problem, not a morality play… the vast bulk of the problem has been caused by unexpected changes in the economic environment: timetables, exchange rates, and growth rate assumptions going wrong”In other words, factors extraneous to bank management and governance are primarily responsible for the problem
Plodding towards a solution:
Majority ownership by the government is the primary cause you would focus on reducing government ownership in banks to below 50%The government appointed a Bank Board Bureau (BBB) as suggested by the Nayak committee and tasked it with appointing Chairmen and Managing Directors of PSBsThe BBB was also assigned the role of advising banks on restructuring and raising capitalVery few top appointments have happened. The bad loan problem and recapitalisation of PSBs remain unaddressedThe government cannot distance itself from key decisions on PSBs while being accountable for their performanceCreating the BBB has only added another layer to decision-making and slowed it down
Empowerment and oversight:
There is clarity now that banks must be empowered to resolve the relatively small number of bad loans that account for a big chunk of the total in terms of valueIn many cases, this would mean that banks write off a portion of the loans owed to themManagements at PSBs have been reluctant to do so for fear of inviting action from the Chief Vigilance Commissioner, the Comptroller and Auditor General, the Central Bureau of Investigation and other bodiesThe BBB has constituted a two-person oversight committee bu
@UPSC_18
Bad loans — or non-performing assets (NPAs) — were 9% of total loans of all Indian banks in September 2016 At public sector banks (PSBs), bad loans were 12% of all advancesAnother 3% of loans in the aggregate (and 4% at PSBs) have been restructuredThe Economic Survey (2016-17) quotes market analysts as saying that 4-5% of loans are bad loans that have not been recognised as suchThus, total stressed assets — NPAs, restructured loans and unrecognised bad loans — would amount to a staggering 16% of all loans and nearly 20% of loans at PSBs
The lending boom:
Today’s bad loan problem has arisen from the lending boom that India’s banks embarked on in the period 2004-08, a period that saw economic growth reach the 9-10% rangeHowever, that by itself did not create a problem of the current magnitudeNPAs, which are 9% of all loans today, were only half that level a year beforeIt is the failure to resolve the bad loan problem over the past several years that has exacerbated the problem
Solution to bad loans:
The best solution to a bad loan problem is to simply grow your way out of it. This can happen in two waysOne, banks keep financing projects that are not making repayments in full and would qualify as NPAsThey do so in the hope that, once growth revives, cash flows in the projects will improveTwo, banks grow their loan portfolio at a brisk rateAs the denominator in the ratio of bad loans to total loans grows, the bad loan problem automatically diminishes in significanceThat’s how India’s banking sector came out of the bad loan problem in the early 2000sRapid growth in the world economy and the Indian economy provided a painless solution
Why isn’t the economy reviving this time?
The “financing” strategy of continuing to make loans to unviable projects has come unstuckSerious policy errors have compounded the problemThe big policy error was the belief among policymakers that bad governance, bad management and even corruption at PSBs were primarily responsible for the problemA committee appointed by the RBI and headed by P.J. Nayak argued as much in a report it submitted in late 2014
Nayak Committee:
The committee seemed to think that majority government ownership of PSBs was the root cause of the bad loan problem as it meant political and bureaucratic interference with commercial decisionsSuch an inference, which has been duly echoed by the media, is patently incorrectAs the Economic Survey of 2016-17 point outs, the bad loan problem is “an economic problem, not a morality play… the vast bulk of the problem has been caused by unexpected changes in the economic environment: timetables, exchange rates, and growth rate assumptions going wrong”In other words, factors extraneous to bank management and governance are primarily responsible for the problem
Plodding towards a solution:
Majority ownership by the government is the primary cause you would focus on reducing government ownership in banks to below 50%The government appointed a Bank Board Bureau (BBB) as suggested by the Nayak committee and tasked it with appointing Chairmen and Managing Directors of PSBsThe BBB was also assigned the role of advising banks on restructuring and raising capitalVery few top appointments have happened. The bad loan problem and recapitalisation of PSBs remain unaddressedThe government cannot distance itself from key decisions on PSBs while being accountable for their performanceCreating the BBB has only added another layer to decision-making and slowed it down
Empowerment and oversight:
There is clarity now that banks must be empowered to resolve the relatively small number of bad loans that account for a big chunk of the total in terms of valueIn many cases, this would mean that banks write off a portion of the loans owed to themManagements at PSBs have been reluctant to do so for fear of inviting action from the Chief Vigilance Commissioner, the Comptroller and Auditor General, the Central Bureau of Investigation and other bodiesThe BBB has constituted a two-person oversight committee bu
t reports suggest
that the committee will not take a view on write-offsWe need a larger oversight committee or, as the Finance Ministry has proposed, multiple oversight committees to speedily vet loan write-offsIt makes sense to constitute a Loan Resolution Authority by an Act of ParliamentBanks must develop the discipline of keeping thorough minutes of the proceedings related to resolution of bad loansThe rationale for particular decisions along with the pros and cons must be properly articulated. This will serve to give bank management a measure of protection
Role of the government:
The government must provide adequate capital to the banks to cover write-offs and also facilitate fresh loan growthIt must end the delays in appointing Chairmen and Managing Directors of various PSBsIt must also revamp the boards of PSBs by bringing in independent directors of high quality.
The way forward:
Three things need attention First, reforms to simplify procedures, speed up the delivery system and enlarge competition must be pursued vigorouslySome significant steps have been taken in this regard in recent years such as moving forward on the GST Bill, passing of the Bankruptcy Act, and enlarging the scope of foreign direct investmentSecond, all viable “stalled” projects must be brought to completionThird, financial bottlenecks need to be cleared. The banking system is under stress. The non-performing loans of the system have risen and are rising. This has squeezed the profitability of banks with some showing lossMore distressing is the minimal flow of new credit. The problem is often referred to as the twin balance sheet problemIf corporate balance sheets are weak, automatically the banks’ balance sheets also become weakAt least some part of the accumulation of bad debts has been due to the slowdown of the economy. The old saying is “bad loans are sown in good times”Asset restructuring companies are part of the solution.
that the committee will not take a view on write-offsWe need a larger oversight committee or, as the Finance Ministry has proposed, multiple oversight committees to speedily vet loan write-offsIt makes sense to constitute a Loan Resolution Authority by an Act of ParliamentBanks must develop the discipline of keeping thorough minutes of the proceedings related to resolution of bad loansThe rationale for particular decisions along with the pros and cons must be properly articulated. This will serve to give bank management a measure of protection
Role of the government:
The government must provide adequate capital to the banks to cover write-offs and also facilitate fresh loan growthIt must end the delays in appointing Chairmen and Managing Directors of various PSBsIt must also revamp the boards of PSBs by bringing in independent directors of high quality.
The way forward:
Three things need attention First, reforms to simplify procedures, speed up the delivery system and enlarge competition must be pursued vigorouslySome significant steps have been taken in this regard in recent years such as moving forward on the GST Bill, passing of the Bankruptcy Act, and enlarging the scope of foreign direct investmentSecond, all viable “stalled” projects must be brought to completionThird, financial bottlenecks need to be cleared. The banking system is under stress. The non-performing loans of the system have risen and are rising. This has squeezed the profitability of banks with some showing lossMore distressing is the minimal flow of new credit. The problem is often referred to as the twin balance sheet problemIf corporate balance sheets are weak, automatically the banks’ balance sheets also become weakAt least some part of the accumulation of bad debts has been due to the slowdown of the economy. The old saying is “bad loans are sown in good times”Asset restructuring companies are part of the solution.
#KARPATHUIAS
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
Why does Aspirin help during a Heart Attack?
Platelets are cells that clump together and help to form blood clots. Aspirin keeps platelets from clumping together, thus helping to prevent or reduce blood clots. During a heart attack. Blood clots form in an already-narrowed artery and block the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.
Why does Hot water cool more faster than Cold water?
The cooling rate of water or any other substance depends on the temperature difference between the object and the atmosphere. Greater the temperature difference, faster the rate of cooling. Well, to understand this better, take the case of two interconnected beakers, one with medium water level and the other with small water level. Water flows. But, if the water level is very high in the beaker, water flows even faster. This cooling phenomenon was discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, and is popularly known as Newton's law of cooling.
What is Retinal scanning?
The human retina is a thin tissue composed of neuralcells that is located in the posterior portion of the eye. Because of the complex structure of the capillaries that supply the retina with blood, each person’s retina is unique. The network of blood vessels in the retina is so complex that even identical twins do not share a similar pattern. Although retinal patterns may be altered in cases of diabetes, glaucoma or retinal degenerative disorders, the retina typically remains unchanged from birth until death.
A biometric identifier known as a retinal scan is used to map the unique patterns of a person’s retina. The blood vessels within the retina absorb light more readily than the surrounding tissue and are easily identified with appropriate lighting. A retinal scan is performed by casting an unperceived beam of low-energy infrared light into a person’s eye as they look through the scanner’s eyepiece. This beam of light traces a standardized path on the retina. Because retinal blood vessels are more absorbent of this light than the rest of the eye, the amount of reflection varies during the scan. The pattern of variations is converted to computer code and stored in a database.
What are seeds, peers, trackers, pieces in uTorrent?
@UPSC_2018
Torrents are peer-to-peer file transfer protocol. That means, there is no central source for the files, people download files which are being uploaded by others (in real time).
Seeds: Number of peers who have already downloaded the files, and are currently uploading them.
Peers (or Leechers): A leecher is any peer that does not have the entire file and is downloading the file.
Trackers: A tracker is a server that keeps track of which seeds and peers are in the swarm (swarm: all peers sharing a torrent - uploading or downloading).
Pieces: This refers to the torrented files being divided up into equal specific sized pieces (e.g., 64kB, 128kB, 512kB, 1MB, 2MB or 4MB). The pieces are distributed in a random fashion among peers in order to optimize trading efficiency.
What country has the highest number of spoken languages in the world?
@UPSC_18
Papua New Guinea has the highest number of spoken languages in the world. There are 820 indigenous languages spoken in this country. The official language is Tok Pisin, or New Guinea Pidgin, and is the most widely spoken language after English, a legacy of the colonial period.
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
Why does Aspirin help during a Heart Attack?
Platelets are cells that clump together and help to form blood clots. Aspirin keeps platelets from clumping together, thus helping to prevent or reduce blood clots. During a heart attack. Blood clots form in an already-narrowed artery and block the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.
Why does Hot water cool more faster than Cold water?
The cooling rate of water or any other substance depends on the temperature difference between the object and the atmosphere. Greater the temperature difference, faster the rate of cooling. Well, to understand this better, take the case of two interconnected beakers, one with medium water level and the other with small water level. Water flows. But, if the water level is very high in the beaker, water flows even faster. This cooling phenomenon was discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, and is popularly known as Newton's law of cooling.
What is Retinal scanning?
The human retina is a thin tissue composed of neuralcells that is located in the posterior portion of the eye. Because of the complex structure of the capillaries that supply the retina with blood, each person’s retina is unique. The network of blood vessels in the retina is so complex that even identical twins do not share a similar pattern. Although retinal patterns may be altered in cases of diabetes, glaucoma or retinal degenerative disorders, the retina typically remains unchanged from birth until death.
A biometric identifier known as a retinal scan is used to map the unique patterns of a person’s retina. The blood vessels within the retina absorb light more readily than the surrounding tissue and are easily identified with appropriate lighting. A retinal scan is performed by casting an unperceived beam of low-energy infrared light into a person’s eye as they look through the scanner’s eyepiece. This beam of light traces a standardized path on the retina. Because retinal blood vessels are more absorbent of this light than the rest of the eye, the amount of reflection varies during the scan. The pattern of variations is converted to computer code and stored in a database.
What are seeds, peers, trackers, pieces in uTorrent?
@UPSC_2018
Torrents are peer-to-peer file transfer protocol. That means, there is no central source for the files, people download files which are being uploaded by others (in real time).
Seeds: Number of peers who have already downloaded the files, and are currently uploading them.
Peers (or Leechers): A leecher is any peer that does not have the entire file and is downloading the file.
Trackers: A tracker is a server that keeps track of which seeds and peers are in the swarm (swarm: all peers sharing a torrent - uploading or downloading).
Pieces: This refers to the torrented files being divided up into equal specific sized pieces (e.g., 64kB, 128kB, 512kB, 1MB, 2MB or 4MB). The pieces are distributed in a random fashion among peers in order to optimize trading efficiency.
What country has the highest number of spoken languages in the world?
@UPSC_18
Papua New Guinea has the highest number of spoken languages in the world. There are 820 indigenous languages spoken in this country. The official language is Tok Pisin, or New Guinea Pidgin, and is the most widely spoken language after English, a legacy of the colonial period.
YouTube
Karpathu IAS
Vision : To create learning that accessible, effective, meaningfully and to share our experience and knowledge to our Tamilan brothers and sisters. Mission :...
Constitution of the Prime Minister economic advisory council (PMEAC)
It is constituted to provide sound policy advice in key areas such as reviving economic growth and creating enabling conditions for gainful employment
The chairman and member secretary of the PMEAC remain associated with NITI Aayog in their old capacities, thus providing critical synergy between the two organizations
Other institutions providing advice to government
Along with NITI Aayog, the office of the chief economic adviser (CEA) is dedicated to providing expert policy advice to the government
In addition, the government receives policy-related suggestions from stakeholders such as bureaucrats, industry, consumer groups, think tanks, academia, media, experts, etc.
Concern regarding the PMEAC
Concerns are being raised about the contribution that the PMEAC can make in the already overcrowded space of providing policy advice to the government
Representation of specific interest groups
It is true that different stakeholders within and outside the government provide policy advice to the government
However, more often than not, each of these stakeholders directly or indirectly represent a specific interest group
Policy decisions cannot be based on the interests of a particular group, and must take into account diverging interests of stakeholders, which often appear to be in conflict
Such an approach will require independent astute understanding of the interlinkages between the interests of different stakeholder groups
How can PMEAC counter issue related to specific interest groups?
Given its internal expertise, positioning, and direct access to the PM, the PMEAC is best placed to adopt a systems approach to provide non-partisan policy advice
But if it contained public policy experts, it could be richer in its advice
NITI Aayog, CEA and the PMEAC
A closer look at the functions of the CEA and NITI Aayog points to a niche which the PMEAC can create for itself, without any overlap or the need to reinvent the wheel
Armed with data analysis from the CEA, and an understanding of the implementation capabilities of government departments and state governments from NITI Aayog, the PMEAC will be in a position to adopt a whole-of-government approach to provide policy advice to the PM
Expectations from the PMEAC
The PMEAC must recognize that policy advice at the highest level is a difficult task
It not only requires expertise in core economic areas, but also an excellent understanding of social and political considerations and available implementation capabilities
In other words, the PMEAC is expected to take into account socio-political and bureaucratic constraints while providing top-notch policy advice
Therefore the need to include public policy experts in the council who have a sound understanding of policy design and implementation challenges
The way forward
The direct access to the office of the PM puts the PMEAC in an enviable position to provide practical advice, and witnessing its implementation
The members of the PMEAC have the necessary skill set and experience to make the most of this opportunity and contribute to the country’s economic growth revival story
This unique opportunity must not be missed
It is constituted to provide sound policy advice in key areas such as reviving economic growth and creating enabling conditions for gainful employment
The chairman and member secretary of the PMEAC remain associated with NITI Aayog in their old capacities, thus providing critical synergy between the two organizations
Other institutions providing advice to government
Along with NITI Aayog, the office of the chief economic adviser (CEA) is dedicated to providing expert policy advice to the government
In addition, the government receives policy-related suggestions from stakeholders such as bureaucrats, industry, consumer groups, think tanks, academia, media, experts, etc.
Concern regarding the PMEAC
Concerns are being raised about the contribution that the PMEAC can make in the already overcrowded space of providing policy advice to the government
Representation of specific interest groups
It is true that different stakeholders within and outside the government provide policy advice to the government
However, more often than not, each of these stakeholders directly or indirectly represent a specific interest group
Policy decisions cannot be based on the interests of a particular group, and must take into account diverging interests of stakeholders, which often appear to be in conflict
Such an approach will require independent astute understanding of the interlinkages between the interests of different stakeholder groups
How can PMEAC counter issue related to specific interest groups?
Given its internal expertise, positioning, and direct access to the PM, the PMEAC is best placed to adopt a systems approach to provide non-partisan policy advice
But if it contained public policy experts, it could be richer in its advice
NITI Aayog, CEA and the PMEAC
A closer look at the functions of the CEA and NITI Aayog points to a niche which the PMEAC can create for itself, without any overlap or the need to reinvent the wheel
Armed with data analysis from the CEA, and an understanding of the implementation capabilities of government departments and state governments from NITI Aayog, the PMEAC will be in a position to adopt a whole-of-government approach to provide policy advice to the PM
Expectations from the PMEAC
The PMEAC must recognize that policy advice at the highest level is a difficult task
It not only requires expertise in core economic areas, but also an excellent understanding of social and political considerations and available implementation capabilities
In other words, the PMEAC is expected to take into account socio-political and bureaucratic constraints while providing top-notch policy advice
Therefore the need to include public policy experts in the council who have a sound understanding of policy design and implementation challenges
The way forward
The direct access to the office of the PM puts the PMEAC in an enviable position to provide practical advice, and witnessing its implementation
The members of the PMEAC have the necessary skill set and experience to make the most of this opportunity and contribute to the country’s economic growth revival story
This unique opportunity must not be missed
ELECTRONIC VEHICLES
@UPSC_18
@UPSC_2018
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
• India, the world’s third-largest consumer and fastest-growing major market,
could see a cut of 8%-20% of current annual oil demand.
EV Target:
• The government has set an ambitious EV sales ratio target of 40% in 2032
with almost 100% in commercial applications (compares with China’s EV
target of 20% by 2025).
Measures to be taken:
• If the government is able to learn from the examples of other countries and
use incentives and prohibitions effectively, it may be possible to achieve a
rapid EV uptake scenario (hyper adoption) with 40% electrification for cars,
55% for 2- wheelers and 75% for buses.
• From building a policy framework to drive EV adoption to kick-starting the
EV ecosystem by investing in infrastructure and public transportation, the
move toward electric mobility in India requires everything to be done
Tackling the economic
slowdown
• Growth matters in India as a large number of persons have to make do with
far too few goods and services as it is which is how poverty is defined.
• Note that these goods also include public goods or goods that are accessed
by the entire populace of a country, such as parks, roads and bridges.
• Since these public goods are provided by government, the government
needs tax revenues to supply them, and these depend upon national income.
Then there is employment.
• A demand for labour exists only when there is a demand for goods. So
growth is necessary if employment is to be assured.
• India not only has a pool of unemployed persons to absorb but we also need
to provide employment to youth continuously entering the labour force.
• From this point of view, the slowing of the economy is a source of concern.
Measures to be taken:
• The correct approach would be to aim to balance the budget over the growth
cycle.
• The next immediate thing to do is to expand public investment in
infrastructure.
• Repair and reconstruction of India’s creaking infrastructure is the direction
in which greater public investment must now.
• It is the most direct and potent measure that can be undertaken to address
the slowdown the economy is experiencing.
@UPSC_18
@UPSC_2018
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
• India, the world’s third-largest consumer and fastest-growing major market,
could see a cut of 8%-20% of current annual oil demand.
EV Target:
• The government has set an ambitious EV sales ratio target of 40% in 2032
with almost 100% in commercial applications (compares with China’s EV
target of 20% by 2025).
Measures to be taken:
• If the government is able to learn from the examples of other countries and
use incentives and prohibitions effectively, it may be possible to achieve a
rapid EV uptake scenario (hyper adoption) with 40% electrification for cars,
55% for 2- wheelers and 75% for buses.
• From building a policy framework to drive EV adoption to kick-starting the
EV ecosystem by investing in infrastructure and public transportation, the
move toward electric mobility in India requires everything to be done
Tackling the economic
slowdown
• Growth matters in India as a large number of persons have to make do with
far too few goods and services as it is which is how poverty is defined.
• Note that these goods also include public goods or goods that are accessed
by the entire populace of a country, such as parks, roads and bridges.
• Since these public goods are provided by government, the government
needs tax revenues to supply them, and these depend upon national income.
Then there is employment.
• A demand for labour exists only when there is a demand for goods. So
growth is necessary if employment is to be assured.
• India not only has a pool of unemployed persons to absorb but we also need
to provide employment to youth continuously entering the labour force.
• From this point of view, the slowing of the economy is a source of concern.
Measures to be taken:
• The correct approach would be to aim to balance the budget over the growth
cycle.
• The next immediate thing to do is to expand public investment in
infrastructure.
• Repair and reconstruction of India’s creaking infrastructure is the direction
in which greater public investment must now.
• It is the most direct and potent measure that can be undertaken to address
the slowdown the economy is experiencing.
YouTube
Karpathu IAS
Vision : To create learning that accessible, effective, meaningfully and to share our experience and knowledge to our Tamilan brothers and sisters. Mission :...
What is E-Gold?
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
E-gold was a digital gold currency operated by Gold & Silver Reserve Inc. (G&SR) under e-gold Ltd. that allowed users to open an account on their web site denominated in grams of gold (or other precious metals) and the ability to make instant transfers of value ("spends") to other e-gold accounts.
How many watts are equal to 1 unit in an electricity bill?
The electricity bills are nothing but energy consumption bills and not power consumption bills.
Energy=Power * time
When we say we have consumed 1 unit of electricity, that means we have consumed 1kWhr of electrical energy.
1 Unit= kilo watt hour.
So, for example if you use 10 watt of lamp for 100 hours, the electricity consumed will be 1000 watt hour. That is 1kWhr, nothing but 1 Unit of Electrical Energy.
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
E-gold was a digital gold currency operated by Gold & Silver Reserve Inc. (G&SR) under e-gold Ltd. that allowed users to open an account on their web site denominated in grams of gold (or other precious metals) and the ability to make instant transfers of value ("spends") to other e-gold accounts.
How many watts are equal to 1 unit in an electricity bill?
The electricity bills are nothing but energy consumption bills and not power consumption bills.
Energy=Power * time
When we say we have consumed 1 unit of electricity, that means we have consumed 1kWhr of electrical energy.
1 Unit= kilo watt hour.
So, for example if you use 10 watt of lamp for 100 hours, the electricity consumed will be 1000 watt hour. That is 1kWhr, nothing but 1 Unit of Electrical Energy.
YouTube
Karpathu IAS
Vision : To create learning that accessible, effective, meaningfully and to share our experience and knowledge to our Tamilan brothers and sisters. Mission :...
❤1
Why are the tyres of the car black?
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
Actually Carbon Black is not added as a coloring agent,it is a filler. Vulcanized rubber does not have very good wear resistance and hence a tire made of pure vulcanized rubber would wear out soon.
Carbon Black also increases the damping properties of rubber, thus transferring less shock loads to the automobile.
In addition to this Carbon Black is a good conductor of heat and would help conduct heat away from the surface with contact to the road and help maintain a healthy tire temperature.
An added bonus is that addition of carbon black increases the coefficient of friction with the road surface thus making it safer to drive.
What is Micturition syncope?
Micturition syncope or post-micturition syncope is the name given to the human phenomenon of fainting shortly after or during urination. The underlying cause is not fully understood but it may be a result of vasovagal response, postural hypotension, or a combination thereof.
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
Actually Carbon Black is not added as a coloring agent,it is a filler. Vulcanized rubber does not have very good wear resistance and hence a tire made of pure vulcanized rubber would wear out soon.
Carbon Black also increases the damping properties of rubber, thus transferring less shock loads to the automobile.
In addition to this Carbon Black is a good conductor of heat and would help conduct heat away from the surface with contact to the road and help maintain a healthy tire temperature.
An added bonus is that addition of carbon black increases the coefficient of friction with the road surface thus making it safer to drive.
What is Micturition syncope?
Micturition syncope or post-micturition syncope is the name given to the human phenomenon of fainting shortly after or during urination. The underlying cause is not fully understood but it may be a result of vasovagal response, postural hypotension, or a combination thereof.
YouTube
Karpathu IAS
Vision : To create learning that accessible, effective, meaningfully and to share our experience and knowledge to our Tamilan brothers and sisters. Mission :...
Which was the first Nuclear Submarine?
@UPSC_2018
USS Nautilus (SSN-571) was the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine. The vessel was the first submarine to complete a submerged transit of the North Pole on 3rd August 1958.
On July 23, 1958, NAUTILUS departed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii under top secret orders to conduct "Operation Sunshine", the first crossing of the North Pole by a ship.
@UPSC_2018
USS Nautilus (SSN-571) was the world's first operational nuclear-powered submarine. The vessel was the first submarine to complete a submerged transit of the North Pole on 3rd August 1958.
On July 23, 1958, NAUTILUS departed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii under top secret orders to conduct "Operation Sunshine", the first crossing of the North Pole by a ship.
What is difference between Yoghurt and Curd?
@UPSC_18
@UPSC_2018
Yogurt and curd are two different types of dairy products. These two are two different forms of milk that are created by fermenting milk in some way. Yogurt and curd play an important part in cooking and diet in many different cultures around the world. These are completely different from each other in almost every aspect.
Yogurt is a diary product that is created by fermenting milk using bacteria. The bacteria that is used to ferment milk is known as ‘yogurt cultures’. The bacteria ferment the lactose in the milk causing it to produce lactic acid, which gives yogurt its tangy and acidic taste.
Curds are another type of dairy product. Curds are made by curdling or coagulating the milk. This can be done by mixing edible acidic substances in to the milk, such as lemon juice or vinegar. Introducing these substance to the milk, will allow the milk to curdle and separate into two parts. The liquid part is the whey and the milk solids will be the curds. The whey contains the whey proteins of the milk, whereas the curds are the milk proteins or casein. Sometimes old milk might sour and separate without the added acidic substances.
@UPSC_18
@UPSC_2018
Yogurt and curd are two different types of dairy products. These two are two different forms of milk that are created by fermenting milk in some way. Yogurt and curd play an important part in cooking and diet in many different cultures around the world. These are completely different from each other in almost every aspect.
Yogurt is a diary product that is created by fermenting milk using bacteria. The bacteria that is used to ferment milk is known as ‘yogurt cultures’. The bacteria ferment the lactose in the milk causing it to produce lactic acid, which gives yogurt its tangy and acidic taste.
Curds are another type of dairy product. Curds are made by curdling or coagulating the milk. This can be done by mixing edible acidic substances in to the milk, such as lemon juice or vinegar. Introducing these substance to the milk, will allow the milk to curdle and separate into two parts. The liquid part is the whey and the milk solids will be the curds. The whey contains the whey proteins of the milk, whereas the curds are the milk proteins or casein. Sometimes old milk might sour and separate without the added acidic substances.
What is the difference between Mbps and MBps?
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
The Difference between a Megabyte (MB) and a Megabit (Mb).
One thing that often gives people confusion is the difference between a Megabyte (used for file size) and a Megabit (used for download speeds). People often assume that a download speed of 1 Megabit per second (1 Mbps) will allow them to download a 1 Megabyte file in one second. This is not the case, a Megabit is 1/8 as big as a Megabyte, meaning that to download a 1 MB file in 1 second you would need a connection of 8 Mbps. The difference between a Gigabyte (GB) and a Gigabit (Gb) is the same, with a Gigabyte being 8 times larger than a Gigabit.
Mbps means megabits per second. Mb is used for download and upload speed.
MBps stands for megabytes per second. MB is used for file size.
You’ll spot these terms when you download a file from the Internet or transfer data from one device to another. They show the data transfer rate. Your connection speed (download and upload) will display as megabits per second. But, you’re downloading or transferring megabytes.
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
The Difference between a Megabyte (MB) and a Megabit (Mb).
One thing that often gives people confusion is the difference between a Megabyte (used for file size) and a Megabit (used for download speeds). People often assume that a download speed of 1 Megabit per second (1 Mbps) will allow them to download a 1 Megabyte file in one second. This is not the case, a Megabit is 1/8 as big as a Megabyte, meaning that to download a 1 MB file in 1 second you would need a connection of 8 Mbps. The difference between a Gigabyte (GB) and a Gigabit (Gb) is the same, with a Gigabyte being 8 times larger than a Gigabit.
Mbps means megabits per second. Mb is used for download and upload speed.
MBps stands for megabytes per second. MB is used for file size.
You’ll spot these terms when you download a file from the Internet or transfer data from one device to another. They show the data transfer rate. Your connection speed (download and upload) will display as megabits per second. But, you’re downloading or transferring megabytes.
YouTube
Karpathu IAS
Vision : To create learning that accessible, effective, meaningfully and to share our experience and knowledge to our Tamilan brothers and sisters. Mission :...
Modi suggests 10 ‘noble commitments’ for global transformation
Suggesting the 10 commitments, he said
#KARPATHUIAS
* “Creating a safer world by organised and coordinated action on at least three issues: counter-terrorism, cyber security and disaster management.” He also said that the bedrock of India’s development agenda laid in the notion of “sabka saath, sabka vikaas” (collective effort, inclusive growth). Stating that India has mapped each of the UN’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to its own development programmes and scheme, he said: “Our programmes are geared to accomplish these priority goals in a time-bound manner.
“To cite just one example, our three-pronged approach of providing a bank account to the unbanked, providing a biometric identity to all, and using innovative mobile governance solutions, has enabled direct benefit transfers to almost 360 million people for the first time.”
* The Prime Minister called for creating a greener world by taking concerted action on countering climate change, through initiatives such as the India-initiated International Solar Alliance.
* Another suggestion was for creating an enabled world by sharing and deploying suitable technologies to enhance efficiency, economy and effectiveness.
* Reiterating his vision for a digital economic and financial system, Mr. Modi called for creating an inclusive world “by economic mainstreaming of our people including in the banking and financial system”.
* “Creating a digital world by bridging the digital divide within and outside our economies.
* “Creating a skilled world by giving future-ready skills to millions of our youth.”
* Mr.Modi also called for creating a healthier world by cooperating in research and development to eradicate diseases, and enabling affordable health care for all.
* In creating an equitable world, he said the BRICS nations should provide equality of opportunity to all, particularly through gender equality.
* In terms of a connected world, he suggested enabling of free flow of goods, persons and services.
* He also called for creating a harmonious world “by promoting ideologies, practices, and heritage that are centred on peaceful coexistence and living in harmony with nature”.
“Through these agenda points, and action on them, we will be contributing directly to the welfare of the global community in addition to welfare of our own people.
“And in this, India stands ready as a willing and committed partner to enhance cooperation and support each other’s national efforts,”
Suggesting the 10 commitments, he said
#KARPATHUIAS
* “Creating a safer world by organised and coordinated action on at least three issues: counter-terrorism, cyber security and disaster management.” He also said that the bedrock of India’s development agenda laid in the notion of “sabka saath, sabka vikaas” (collective effort, inclusive growth). Stating that India has mapped each of the UN’s 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to its own development programmes and scheme, he said: “Our programmes are geared to accomplish these priority goals in a time-bound manner.
“To cite just one example, our three-pronged approach of providing a bank account to the unbanked, providing a biometric identity to all, and using innovative mobile governance solutions, has enabled direct benefit transfers to almost 360 million people for the first time.”
* The Prime Minister called for creating a greener world by taking concerted action on countering climate change, through initiatives such as the India-initiated International Solar Alliance.
* Another suggestion was for creating an enabled world by sharing and deploying suitable technologies to enhance efficiency, economy and effectiveness.
* Reiterating his vision for a digital economic and financial system, Mr. Modi called for creating an inclusive world “by economic mainstreaming of our people including in the banking and financial system”.
* “Creating a digital world by bridging the digital divide within and outside our economies.
* “Creating a skilled world by giving future-ready skills to millions of our youth.”
* Mr.Modi also called for creating a healthier world by cooperating in research and development to eradicate diseases, and enabling affordable health care for all.
* In creating an equitable world, he said the BRICS nations should provide equality of opportunity to all, particularly through gender equality.
* In terms of a connected world, he suggested enabling of free flow of goods, persons and services.
* He also called for creating a harmonious world “by promoting ideologies, practices, and heritage that are centred on peaceful coexistence and living in harmony with nature”.
“Through these agenda points, and action on them, we will be contributing directly to the welfare of the global community in addition to welfare of our own people.
“And in this, India stands ready as a willing and committed partner to enhance cooperation and support each other’s national efforts,”
Sovereign Gold Bonds
Ministry/Department : Ministry of Finance in association with RBI
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
Objective: To reduce the demand for physical gold by shifting a part of the demand for physical gold into investment in Gold Bonds
Scheme:
* Bonds will be issued by RBI on behalf of govt.
* To be sold through bank, post offices and Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited
* The risk of gold price changes will be borne by the Gold Reserve Fund that is being created
* Sovereign Gold Bonds will be issued on payment of rupees and denominated in grams of gold
* Customers can buy gold bonds which will be relatable to the weight of gold.
* The bonds will be issued in various denominations for 5-7 years with a rate of interest to calculated on the value of the metal at the time of investment.
* Max 500 gms gold equivalent bond can be purchased in a year by one person. (This has been changed. See below)
* Only offered to Indian citizen and institutions.
* Strict KYC norms.
* Interest taxable as per IT Act,
* Capital gains tax treatment will be the same as for physical gold for an 'individual' investor.
* Rate of interest will be decided by government
* The bonds will be issued in denominations of 5,10,50,100 grams of gold or other denominations
* Bonds can be used as collateral for loans
* On maturity, the redemption will be in rupee amount only.
* The rate of interest on the bonds will be calculated on the value of the gold at the time of investment.
**Factual Information:**
* Started in 2015
Progress so far and changes:
* The mobilisation target under the scheme was Rs. 15,000 crore in 2015-16 and at Rs.10,000 crore in 2016-17. However, the amount so far credited in Government account is Rs. 4,769 crore.
Changes in scheme:
* The investment limit under the scheme per fiscal year has been increased to 4 kg for individuals, 4 Kg for Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) and 20 Kg for Trusts and similar entities notified by the Government. The ceiling will be counted on financial year basis and will include the SGBs purchased during the trading in the secondary market.
* Ministry of Finance (the issuer) has been given flexibility to design and introduce variants of SGBs with different interest rates and risk protection that will offer investment alternatives to different category of investors.
Ministry/Department : Ministry of Finance in association with RBI
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
Objective: To reduce the demand for physical gold by shifting a part of the demand for physical gold into investment in Gold Bonds
Scheme:
* Bonds will be issued by RBI on behalf of govt.
* To be sold through bank, post offices and Stock Holding Corporation of India Limited
* The risk of gold price changes will be borne by the Gold Reserve Fund that is being created
* Sovereign Gold Bonds will be issued on payment of rupees and denominated in grams of gold
* Customers can buy gold bonds which will be relatable to the weight of gold.
* The bonds will be issued in various denominations for 5-7 years with a rate of interest to calculated on the value of the metal at the time of investment.
* Max 500 gms gold equivalent bond can be purchased in a year by one person. (This has been changed. See below)
* Only offered to Indian citizen and institutions.
* Strict KYC norms.
* Interest taxable as per IT Act,
* Capital gains tax treatment will be the same as for physical gold for an 'individual' investor.
* Rate of interest will be decided by government
* The bonds will be issued in denominations of 5,10,50,100 grams of gold or other denominations
* Bonds can be used as collateral for loans
* On maturity, the redemption will be in rupee amount only.
* The rate of interest on the bonds will be calculated on the value of the gold at the time of investment.
**Factual Information:**
* Started in 2015
Progress so far and changes:
* The mobilisation target under the scheme was Rs. 15,000 crore in 2015-16 and at Rs.10,000 crore in 2016-17. However, the amount so far credited in Government account is Rs. 4,769 crore.
Changes in scheme:
* The investment limit under the scheme per fiscal year has been increased to 4 kg for individuals, 4 Kg for Hindu Undivided Family (HUF) and 20 Kg for Trusts and similar entities notified by the Government. The ceiling will be counted on financial year basis and will include the SGBs purchased during the trading in the secondary market.
* Ministry of Finance (the issuer) has been given flexibility to design and introduce variants of SGBs with different interest rates and risk protection that will offer investment alternatives to different category of investors.
YouTube
Karpathu IAS
Vision : To create learning that accessible, effective, meaningfully and to share our experience and knowledge to our Tamilan brothers and sisters. Mission :...