Science And Technology
"James Webb Telescope"
Developed by NASA one of the largest space telescope —which will replace currently functioning Hubble Telescope.
is 100 times powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope and may find the first galaxies that were formed in the early universe.
The space telescope will provide images of the first galaxies ever formed, and explore planets around distant stars.
It is a joint project of the NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency.
The telescope is named as James Webb Space Telescope. JWST was formerly known as the "Next Generation Space Telescope" (NGST). It was renamed in Sept. 2002 after a former NASA administrator, James Webb
Unlike with Hubble, astronauts won’t be able to reach the JWST to fix a problem after it launches. The telescope will be stationed too far away for them to reach, about 930,000 miles from Earth.
Once it is in position, though, together the James Webb and Hubble will give scientists an unprecedented view of the universe.
Some salient feature of telescope
The Webb telescope’s infrared cameras are so sensitive that it needs to be shielded from the rays of the Sun. A five-layer sunshield of the size of a tennis court will prevent the
heat from interfering with the telescope’s infrared sensors.
The layers work together to reduce the temperatures between the hot and cold sides of the observatory by about 298 degrees Celsius. Each successive layer of the sunshield, made of kapton, is cooler than the one below.
"James Webb Telescope"
Developed by NASA one of the largest space telescope —which will replace currently functioning Hubble Telescope.
is 100 times powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope and may find the first galaxies that were formed in the early universe.
The space telescope will provide images of the first galaxies ever formed, and explore planets around distant stars.
It is a joint project of the NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency.
The telescope is named as James Webb Space Telescope. JWST was formerly known as the "Next Generation Space Telescope" (NGST). It was renamed in Sept. 2002 after a former NASA administrator, James Webb
Unlike with Hubble, astronauts won’t be able to reach the JWST to fix a problem after it launches. The telescope will be stationed too far away for them to reach, about 930,000 miles from Earth.
Once it is in position, though, together the James Webb and Hubble will give scientists an unprecedented view of the universe.
Some salient feature of telescope
The Webb telescope’s infrared cameras are so sensitive that it needs to be shielded from the rays of the Sun. A five-layer sunshield of the size of a tennis court will prevent the
heat from interfering with the telescope’s infrared sensors.
The layers work together to reduce the temperatures between the hot and cold sides of the observatory by about 298 degrees Celsius. Each successive layer of the sunshield, made of kapton, is cooler than the one below.
Who designed the White House and who lived at the White House first?
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The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style. Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he(with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stable and storage.
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What is Atlas Robot?
Atlas is a bipedal humanoid robot primarily developed by the American robotics company Boston Dynamics, with funding and oversight from the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The 1.8-meter (6 ft) robot is designed for a variety of search and rescue tasks, and was unveiled to the public on July 11, 2013.
What is the history of Hole Punch?
The origin of humble office tool hole puncher or hole punch are quite unknown. For the first time, the two-hole punch was introduced by Friedrich Soennecken, a German businessman and inventor, on 14 November 1886. It was called Papierlocher für Sammelmappen (paper hole maker for binding). The design has not much changed after this invention.
What is underwater Hockey known as?
Underwater Hockey (UWH), also known as Octopush (mainly in the United Kingdom) is a globally played limited-contact sport in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into the opposing team's goal by propelling it with a hockey stick (bat).
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@UPSC_2018
The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the neoclassical style. Construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he(with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stable and storage.
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
What is Atlas Robot?
Atlas is a bipedal humanoid robot primarily developed by the American robotics company Boston Dynamics, with funding and oversight from the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The 1.8-meter (6 ft) robot is designed for a variety of search and rescue tasks, and was unveiled to the public on July 11, 2013.
What is the history of Hole Punch?
The origin of humble office tool hole puncher or hole punch are quite unknown. For the first time, the two-hole punch was introduced by Friedrich Soennecken, a German businessman and inventor, on 14 November 1886. It was called Papierlocher für Sammelmappen (paper hole maker for binding). The design has not much changed after this invention.
What is underwater Hockey known as?
Underwater Hockey (UWH), also known as Octopush (mainly in the United Kingdom) is a globally played limited-contact sport in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into the opposing team's goal by propelling it with a hockey stick (bat).
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Karpathu IAS
Vision : To create learning that accessible, effective, meaningfully and to share our experience and knowledge to our Tamilan brothers and sisters. Mission :...
Do mosquitoes have teeth?
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Mosquitoes have a long tube attached to their mouth, which is designed like a hollow needle called a proboscis. Using their proboscis, mosquitoes are able to pierce your skin and extract your blood, like they were sipping it out of a straw. Consider yourself one, big, mosquito soda fountain!
A mosquito’s proboscis has 47 sharp edges on its tip to help it cut through skin and even protective layers of clothing. Perhaps this is where the rumor of “mosquito teeth” comes from. Unlike human teeth, however, these sharp edges are not used to chew food since blood is already in a liquid form. These sharp edges are simply used to cut through skin. The pain you feel the moment a mosquito “bites” you is therefore not from the mosquito taking an actual bite out of your skin, but instead the pain from the initial stab of sticking its proboscis into you.
What is the difference between Internet and Intranet?
Even today, many businesses and large organizations rely on an intranet to help their employees stay connected.
There’s one major distinction between an intranet and the Internet: The Internet is an open, public space, while an intranet is designed to be a private space. An intranet may be accessible from the Internet, but as a rule it’s protected by a password and accessible only to a company’s employees or other authorized users.
From within a company, an intranet server may respond much more quickly than a typical website. This is because the public Internet is at the mercy of traffic spikes, server breakdowns, and other problems that may slow the network.
Within a company, however, users have much more bandwidth and network hardware may be more reliable. This makes it easier to serve high- bandwidth content, such as audio and video, over an intranet.
What is Pavlov's dog?
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who performed an experiment involving a dog, food, and a bell.
Whenever food is presented to a dog, it would (naturally) salivate. In his experiment, Pavlov combined the ring of a bell whenever he presented food to the dog.
After a number of repeats of this procedure, he rang the bell on its own without presenting any food. The bell on its own now caused an increase in salivation in the dog, as if the dog is 'conditioned' to associate the neutral ring of the bell to yummy food delivery.
This experiment in 1890s became one of the first learning theories in cognitive sciences, termed classical conditioning or pavlovian conditioning.
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
Mosquitoes have a long tube attached to their mouth, which is designed like a hollow needle called a proboscis. Using their proboscis, mosquitoes are able to pierce your skin and extract your blood, like they were sipping it out of a straw. Consider yourself one, big, mosquito soda fountain!
A mosquito’s proboscis has 47 sharp edges on its tip to help it cut through skin and even protective layers of clothing. Perhaps this is where the rumor of “mosquito teeth” comes from. Unlike human teeth, however, these sharp edges are not used to chew food since blood is already in a liquid form. These sharp edges are simply used to cut through skin. The pain you feel the moment a mosquito “bites” you is therefore not from the mosquito taking an actual bite out of your skin, but instead the pain from the initial stab of sticking its proboscis into you.
What is the difference between Internet and Intranet?
Even today, many businesses and large organizations rely on an intranet to help their employees stay connected.
There’s one major distinction between an intranet and the Internet: The Internet is an open, public space, while an intranet is designed to be a private space. An intranet may be accessible from the Internet, but as a rule it’s protected by a password and accessible only to a company’s employees or other authorized users.
From within a company, an intranet server may respond much more quickly than a typical website. This is because the public Internet is at the mercy of traffic spikes, server breakdowns, and other problems that may slow the network.
Within a company, however, users have much more bandwidth and network hardware may be more reliable. This makes it easier to serve high- bandwidth content, such as audio and video, over an intranet.
What is Pavlov's dog?
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who performed an experiment involving a dog, food, and a bell.
Whenever food is presented to a dog, it would (naturally) salivate. In his experiment, Pavlov combined the ring of a bell whenever he presented food to the dog.
After a number of repeats of this procedure, he rang the bell on its own without presenting any food. The bell on its own now caused an increase in salivation in the dog, as if the dog is 'conditioned' to associate the neutral ring of the bell to yummy food delivery.
This experiment in 1890s became one of the first learning theories in cognitive sciences, termed classical conditioning or pavlovian conditioning.
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Karpathu IAS
Vision : To create learning that accessible, effective, meaningfully and to share our experience and knowledge to our Tamilan brothers and sisters. Mission :...
The Governments Announcement
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Bringing relief to millions of Non Resident Indians (NRIs), Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) and Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs), the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) has said that Aadhaar as an identity document should be sought only from those who are eligible for the unique ID as per the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016.
This means that government agencies can now exempt those belonging to these categories from furnishing Aadhaar identity for availing services as they are not eligible for enrolling for the unique ID.
The circular stated that the Prevention of Money Laundering (Maintenance of Records) Rules, 2017 and the Income Tax Act, 1961 clearly stipulate that the linking of Bank Accounts and PAN respectively is for those persons who are eligible to enrol for Aadhaar as per the Aadhaar Act, 2016.
And individuals who were not assigned Aadhaar numbers shall be offered alternate and viable means of delivery of subsidy, benefit or service.
What was the need for this announcement?
What made the situation tricky for NRIs, PIOs and OCIs is that the Act as it stands today, allows only “residents” of India to enroll for the unique identity.
The circular said the UIDAI had received several representations from these sections, informing about difficulties faced by them as various authorities demanded Aadhaar from them in respect of various services/benefits etc like maintaining existing NRE and NRO bank accounts and appearance by students in different exams in India.
The Provisions of the Aadhar Act, 2016
The Act says every resident shall be entitled to obtain an Aadhaar number by submitting his demographic information and biometric information by undergoing the process of enrolment.
Who is a resident is further defined as an individual who has resided in India for a period or periods amounting in all to one hundred and eighty-two days or more in the twelve months immediately preceding the date of application for enrolment.
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
Bringing relief to millions of Non Resident Indians (NRIs), Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs) and Overseas Citizens of India (OCIs), the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) has said that Aadhaar as an identity document should be sought only from those who are eligible for the unique ID as per the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016.
This means that government agencies can now exempt those belonging to these categories from furnishing Aadhaar identity for availing services as they are not eligible for enrolling for the unique ID.
The circular stated that the Prevention of Money Laundering (Maintenance of Records) Rules, 2017 and the Income Tax Act, 1961 clearly stipulate that the linking of Bank Accounts and PAN respectively is for those persons who are eligible to enrol for Aadhaar as per the Aadhaar Act, 2016.
And individuals who were not assigned Aadhaar numbers shall be offered alternate and viable means of delivery of subsidy, benefit or service.
What was the need for this announcement?
What made the situation tricky for NRIs, PIOs and OCIs is that the Act as it stands today, allows only “residents” of India to enroll for the unique identity.
The circular said the UIDAI had received several representations from these sections, informing about difficulties faced by them as various authorities demanded Aadhaar from them in respect of various services/benefits etc like maintaining existing NRE and NRO bank accounts and appearance by students in different exams in India.
The Provisions of the Aadhar Act, 2016
The Act says every resident shall be entitled to obtain an Aadhaar number by submitting his demographic information and biometric information by undergoing the process of enrolment.
Who is a resident is further defined as an individual who has resided in India for a period or periods amounting in all to one hundred and eighty-two days or more in the twelve months immediately preceding the date of application for enrolment.
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Karpathu IAS
Vision : To create learning that accessible, effective, meaningfully and to share our experience and knowledge to our Tamilan brothers and sisters. Mission :...
Karpathu IAS: LIST OF IMPORTANT SESSIONS OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
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LIST OF IMPORTANT SESSIONS OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
இந்திய தேசிய காங்கிரஸ் மாநாடுகள் நடைபெற்ற இடங்கள் தலைமை தாங்கியவர்கள் பற்றிய சில தகவல்கள்
The Congress was founded in 1885 by Indian and British members of the Theosophical Society movement, including Scotsman Allan Octavian Hume.
Its objective was to obtain…
The Congress was founded in 1885 by Indian and British members of the Theosophical Society movement, including Scotsman Allan Octavian Hume.
Its objective was to obtain…
What causes boiled egg yolks to turn green?
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The green ring around the yolk of a hard cooked egg happens because hydrogen in the egg white combines with sulfur in the yolk. The cause is most often related to boiling the eggs too hard for too long. The green ring can also be caused by a high amount of iron in the cooking water.
How does a Pitcher plant eat?
Foraging, flying or crawling insects such as flies are attracted to the cavity formed by the cupped leaf, often by visual lures such as anthocyanin pigments, and nectar bribes. Furthermore, some pitcher plants contain mutualistic insect larvae, which feed on trapped prey, and whose excreta the plant absorbs.
What is world's strongest light beam?
The sky beam of the Luxor Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas is the strongest beam of light in the world.
At 42.3 billion candela, the Luxor Sky Beam is the strongest beam of light in the world, using computer-designed, curved mirrors to collect the light from 39 xenon lamps and focus them into one intense, narrow beam. On a clear night, the Sky Beam is visible up to 275 miles (443 km) away by aircraft at cruising altitude, such as over Los Angeles.
@UPSC_18
@UPSC_2018
The green ring around the yolk of a hard cooked egg happens because hydrogen in the egg white combines with sulfur in the yolk. The cause is most often related to boiling the eggs too hard for too long. The green ring can also be caused by a high amount of iron in the cooking water.
How does a Pitcher plant eat?
Foraging, flying or crawling insects such as flies are attracted to the cavity formed by the cupped leaf, often by visual lures such as anthocyanin pigments, and nectar bribes. Furthermore, some pitcher plants contain mutualistic insect larvae, which feed on trapped prey, and whose excreta the plant absorbs.
What is world's strongest light beam?
The sky beam of the Luxor Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas is the strongest beam of light in the world.
At 42.3 billion candela, the Luxor Sky Beam is the strongest beam of light in the world, using computer-designed, curved mirrors to collect the light from 39 xenon lamps and focus them into one intense, narrow beam. On a clear night, the Sky Beam is visible up to 275 miles (443 km) away by aircraft at cruising altitude, such as over Los Angeles.
World Congress of the International Committee of Military Medicine
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India is for the first time hosting the World Congress of the International Committee of Military Medicine
It was formally inaugurated by Navy Chief and Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee
Other particulars of the event
Around 350-400 foreign delegates from 80 countries are expected to take part in the 42nd edition of the Congress
Theme: ‘Military Medicine in Transition: Looking Ahead’
International Committee of Military Medicine
The International Committee of Military Medicine (ICMM) is an international and intergovernmental organization consisting of more than one hundred states
The ICMM was established in 1921, after World War I had revealed the lack of care provided to victims and the need to strengthen cooperation between the health services of the armed forces worldwide
#KARPATHUIAS
India is for the first time hosting the World Congress of the International Committee of Military Medicine
It was formally inaugurated by Navy Chief and Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee
Other particulars of the event
Around 350-400 foreign delegates from 80 countries are expected to take part in the 42nd edition of the Congress
Theme: ‘Military Medicine in Transition: Looking Ahead’
International Committee of Military Medicine
The International Committee of Military Medicine (ICMM) is an international and intergovernmental organization consisting of more than one hundred states
The ICMM was established in 1921, after World War I had revealed the lack of care provided to victims and the need to strengthen cooperation between the health services of the armed forces worldwide
https://t.co/Irvbav6921 Kudos First time in the TNPSC YouTubers , we created dual display in same video for both Tamil and English.
Thanks to all who are all cooperate with us for our success.
Thanks to all who are all cooperate with us for our success.
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ANCIENT TAMIL NADU
பண்டைய தமிழ்நாடு Kudos First time in the TNPSC YouTubers , we created dual display in same video for both Tamil and English. Thanks to all who are all cooper...
Which is Microsoft's first operating system?
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Microsoft's first operating system, MDOS/MIDAS, was designed along many of the PDP-11 features, but for microprocessor based systems. MS-DOS, or PC DOS when supplied by IBM, was based originally on CP/M-80. Each of these machines had a small boot program in ROM which loaded the OS itself from disk.
Why is antarctica considered as the biggest desert?
By definition, a 'desert' is not decided by its temperature. A desert is a region that is simply very dry because its receives little to no water. To be considered a desert, an area must receive than 250 millimeters of annual precipitation. That's why it's easy for us to associate desert with 'hot, sandy areas' such as Sahara in Africa or Gobi in China.
The Antarctic Desert is the largest desert on Earth (13.8 million square kilometers). It is the coldest, windiest, and most isolated continent on Earth, and is considered a desert because its annual precipitation can be less than 51 mm.
Only 2% of Antarctica isn’t covered by ice, and this land is strictly along the coasts, where all the life that is associated with the land mass (i.e. penguins, seals and various species of birds) reside.
The other 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice which averages 1.6 km in thickness.
@UPSC_18
Microsoft's first operating system, MDOS/MIDAS, was designed along many of the PDP-11 features, but for microprocessor based systems. MS-DOS, or PC DOS when supplied by IBM, was based originally on CP/M-80. Each of these machines had a small boot program in ROM which loaded the OS itself from disk.
Why is antarctica considered as the biggest desert?
By definition, a 'desert' is not decided by its temperature. A desert is a region that is simply very dry because its receives little to no water. To be considered a desert, an area must receive than 250 millimeters of annual precipitation. That's why it's easy for us to associate desert with 'hot, sandy areas' such as Sahara in Africa or Gobi in China.
The Antarctic Desert is the largest desert on Earth (13.8 million square kilometers). It is the coldest, windiest, and most isolated continent on Earth, and is considered a desert because its annual precipitation can be less than 51 mm.
Only 2% of Antarctica isn’t covered by ice, and this land is strictly along the coasts, where all the life that is associated with the land mass (i.e. penguins, seals and various species of birds) reside.
The other 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice which averages 1.6 km in thickness.
What is adjustable gastric band?
@UPSC_2018
A laparoscopic adjustable gastric band, commonly called a lap-band, A band, or LAGB, is an inflatable silicone device placed around the top portion of the stomach to treat obesity, intended to slow consumption of food and thus reduce the amount of food consumed.
Gastric banding leads to loss of about 35% to 45% of excess weight. For example, someone who is 100 pounds overweight might expect to lose about 35 to 45 pounds after gastric banding. However, these results vary widely. Gastric banding is considered the least invasive weight loss surgery and also the safest. The procedure can be reversed if necessary, and in time, the stomach generally returns to its normal size.
@UPSC_2018
A laparoscopic adjustable gastric band, commonly called a lap-band, A band, or LAGB, is an inflatable silicone device placed around the top portion of the stomach to treat obesity, intended to slow consumption of food and thus reduce the amount of food consumed.
Gastric banding leads to loss of about 35% to 45% of excess weight. For example, someone who is 100 pounds overweight might expect to lose about 35 to 45 pounds after gastric banding. However, these results vary widely. Gastric banding is considered the least invasive weight loss surgery and also the safest. The procedure can be reversed if necessary, and in time, the stomach generally returns to its normal size.
The future of the Quad and some contradictions related to its aims and objectives(primarily from India’s point of view)
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Confusion after the first Quad meeting
After the Quadrilateral meeting, or ‘Quad’, involving secretary-level officials of India, Japan, Australia and the U.S., the dust is yet to settle on just what was decided among them
Confusion 1: Difference stance on the real aim of Quad
The four participants issued not one but four separate statements after their meeting in Manila
A cursory look at these statements reveals the basic differences in intent
The Ministry of External Affairs statement did not mention upholding “maritime security” as an objective, while the statements of the U.S., Australia and Japan did
Similarly, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs made no mention of enhancing “connectivity” as an aim, which the other three did
But all four referred to keeping a “free and open Indo-Pacific”\
Issue in brief words: The Quad is yet to decide what its real aim is: maritime security, connectivity, countering China’s moves in the Indo-Pacific and on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), or a combination of all three
Confusion 2: Maritime front
On the maritime front, India gave out confusing signals
It is the only country in the Quad that is not part of a military alliance
In June, India declined Australia’s request to join the Malabar exercises
And there were no plans for joint patrols with the U.S., or any country that is not a “maritime neighbour” of India, which would rule out Australia and Japan too
If India’s intentions are only to patrol the Indian Ocean part of the Indo-Pacific, it remains to be seen what reciprocal value the Quad would have
Confusion 3: Non-alignment
There is the question of where the government stands on India’s position in the world
While rejecting “non-alignment” in a unipolar world, the government has decided a course where India is becoming member of many important organisations including the SCO
So, how would India explain not joining a security cooperation arrangement within the Quad
The way forward
If India is willing to brave all of these contradictions and steer the course towards a closer Quad arrangement, then the final question to be answered is, to what end?
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
Confusion after the first Quad meeting
After the Quadrilateral meeting, or ‘Quad’, involving secretary-level officials of India, Japan, Australia and the U.S., the dust is yet to settle on just what was decided among them
Confusion 1: Difference stance on the real aim of Quad
The four participants issued not one but four separate statements after their meeting in Manila
A cursory look at these statements reveals the basic differences in intent
The Ministry of External Affairs statement did not mention upholding “maritime security” as an objective, while the statements of the U.S., Australia and Japan did
Similarly, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs made no mention of enhancing “connectivity” as an aim, which the other three did
But all four referred to keeping a “free and open Indo-Pacific”\
Issue in brief words: The Quad is yet to decide what its real aim is: maritime security, connectivity, countering China’s moves in the Indo-Pacific and on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), or a combination of all three
Confusion 2: Maritime front
On the maritime front, India gave out confusing signals
It is the only country in the Quad that is not part of a military alliance
In June, India declined Australia’s request to join the Malabar exercises
And there were no plans for joint patrols with the U.S., or any country that is not a “maritime neighbour” of India, which would rule out Australia and Japan too
If India’s intentions are only to patrol the Indian Ocean part of the Indo-Pacific, it remains to be seen what reciprocal value the Quad would have
Confusion 3: Non-alignment
There is the question of where the government stands on India’s position in the world
While rejecting “non-alignment” in a unipolar world, the government has decided a course where India is becoming member of many important organisations including the SCO
So, how would India explain not joining a security cooperation arrangement within the Quad
The way forward
If India is willing to brave all of these contradictions and steer the course towards a closer Quad arrangement, then the final question to be answered is, to what end?
YouTube
Karpathu IAS
Vision : To create learning that accessible, effective, meaningfully and to share our experience and knowledge to our Tamilan brothers and sisters. Mission :...
PIL rejected
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Supreme couert rejected a public interest litigation petition suggesting fresh elections whenever the public chose overwhelmingly the “None of the Above” (NOTA) option
The court said a voter had the right to express his dissent by staying at home
Arguments put forward by SC
Let us say the highest percentage of votes polled by a candidate is 40 and the rest goes to NOTA
Does this mean we subject this candidate to another election
This means there should be an election each time a candidate gets less than 51% of the votes polled
Saying this will be crossing a constitutional barricade
NOTA option
“None Of The Above”, or NOTA for short, also known as “against all” or a “scratch” vote, is a ballot option in some jurisdictions or organizations, designed to allow the voter to indicate disapproval of all of the candidates in a voting system
It is based on the principle that consent requires the ability to withhold consent in an election, just as they can by voting “No” on ballot questions
When “None of the Above” is listed on a ballot, there is the possibility of NOTA receiving a majority or plurality of the vote, and so “winning” the election
In such a case, a variety of formal procedures may be invoked, including having the office remain vacant, having the office filled by appointment, re-opening nominations or holding another election (in a body operating under parliamentary procedure), or it may have no effect whatsoever, as in India.
#KARPATHUIAS
@UPSC_18
Supreme couert rejected a public interest litigation petition suggesting fresh elections whenever the public chose overwhelmingly the “None of the Above” (NOTA) option
The court said a voter had the right to express his dissent by staying at home
Arguments put forward by SC
Let us say the highest percentage of votes polled by a candidate is 40 and the rest goes to NOTA
Does this mean we subject this candidate to another election
This means there should be an election each time a candidate gets less than 51% of the votes polled
Saying this will be crossing a constitutional barricade
NOTA option
“None Of The Above”, or NOTA for short, also known as “against all” or a “scratch” vote, is a ballot option in some jurisdictions or organizations, designed to allow the voter to indicate disapproval of all of the candidates in a voting system
It is based on the principle that consent requires the ability to withhold consent in an election, just as they can by voting “No” on ballot questions
When “None of the Above” is listed on a ballot, there is the possibility of NOTA receiving a majority or plurality of the vote, and so “winning” the election
In such a case, a variety of formal procedures may be invoked, including having the office remain vacant, having the office filled by appointment, re-opening nominations or holding another election (in a body operating under parliamentary procedure), or it may have no effect whatsoever, as in India.
What is NMR Spectroscopy?
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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopyor magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a research technique that exploits the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei. This type of spectroscopy determines the physical and chemical properties of atoms or the molecules in which they are contained. It relies on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance and can provide detailed information about the structure, dynamics, reaction state, and chemical environment of molecules. The intramolecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonance frequency, thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of a molecule and its individual functional groups.
Why is an Atlas called so?
The mythological creature Atlas is often associated, and pictured, on atlases. Atlas was a giant (called a Titan) who was forced to carry the Earth and the heavens (usually pictured as a sphere) on his back. An atlas is a book or collection of maps. They depended on atlases to guide them through unfamiliar territory.
@UPSC_18
@UPSC_2018
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopyor magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a research technique that exploits the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei. This type of spectroscopy determines the physical and chemical properties of atoms or the molecules in which they are contained. It relies on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance and can provide detailed information about the structure, dynamics, reaction state, and chemical environment of molecules. The intramolecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonance frequency, thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of a molecule and its individual functional groups.
Why is an Atlas called so?
The mythological creature Atlas is often associated, and pictured, on atlases. Atlas was a giant (called a Titan) who was forced to carry the Earth and the heavens (usually pictured as a sphere) on his back. An atlas is a book or collection of maps. They depended on atlases to guide them through unfamiliar territory.
About Open market operations:
Open market operations are conducted by the RBI by way of sale or purchase of government securities (g-secs) to adjust money supply conditions.The central bank sells g-secs to suck out liquidity from the system and buys back g-secs to infuse liquidity into the system.These operations are often conducted on a day-to-day basis in a manner that balances inflation while helping banks continue to lend.The RBI uses OMO along with other monetary policy tools such as repo rate, cash reserve ratio and statutory liquidity ratio to adjust the quantum and price of money in the system.
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About Masala Bonds:
The Masala bonds refer to rupee-denominated bonds through which Indian entities can raise money from foreign markets in rupee, and not in foreign currency.
Basically, they are debt instruments that are typically used by corporates to raise money from investors.
The issuance of rupee denominated bonds, Indian entity is protected against the risk of currency fluctuation, typically associated with borrowing in foreign currency.
Masala bonds also help in internationalization of the rupee and in expansion of the Indian bond markets.
Foreign Exchange Reserve.
The components of India’s Foreign Exchange Reserves include: Foreign currency assets (FCAs), Gold, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), RBI’s Reserve position with International Monetary Fund (IMF).
FCAs constitute the largest component of the Forex Reserves. It also comprises of investments in US Treasury bonds, bonds of other selected governments, deposits with foreign central and commercial banks.
About Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB):
China is the largest shareholder with 26.06% voting shares. India is the second largest shareholder with 7.5% voting shares followed by Russia 5.93% and Germany with 4.5%.
More about AIIB
AIIB is a multilateral development bank backed by China and is seen as a rival to the World Bank and Asian Development Bank (ADB).The bank started to function in January 2016.The bank was established to fund various infrastructure projects including energy, transportation, urban construction and logistics as well as education and healthcare in Asia-Pacific region.
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Market Intervention Scheme
Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) is a price support mechanism implemented on the request of State Governments for procurement of perishable and horticultural commodities in the event of a fall in market prices. The Scheme is implemented when there is at least 10% increase in production or 10% decrease in the ruling rates over the previous normal year.
Market Intervention Scheme works in a similar fashion to Minimum Support Price based procurement mechanism for food grains, but is an adhoc mechanism.
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Proposal of MIS is approved on the specific request of State/Union Territory (UT) Government, if the State/UT Government is ready to bear 50% loss (25% in case of North-Eastern States), if any, incurred on its implementation. Further, the extent of total amount of loss shared is restricted to 25% of the total procurement value which includes cost of the commodity procured plus permitted overhead expenses.
The Department of Agriculture & Cooperation is implementing the scheme. Under MIS, funds are not allocated to the States. Instead, central share of losses as per the guidelines of MIS is released to the State Governments/UTs, for which MIS has been approved, based on specific proposals received from them.
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Disinflation
Disinflation is a slowing in the rate of price inflation.
It is used to describe instances when the inflation rate has reduced marginally over the short term.
Although it is used to describe periods of slowing inflation, disinflation should not be confused with deflation, which can be harmful to the economy.
When the overall price level decreases so that inflation rate becomes negative, it is called deflation.
It is the opposite of the often-encountered inflation.
Open market operations are conducted by the RBI by way of sale or purchase of government securities (g-secs) to adjust money supply conditions.The central bank sells g-secs to suck out liquidity from the system and buys back g-secs to infuse liquidity into the system.These operations are often conducted on a day-to-day basis in a manner that balances inflation while helping banks continue to lend.The RBI uses OMO along with other monetary policy tools such as repo rate, cash reserve ratio and statutory liquidity ratio to adjust the quantum and price of money in the system.
Join 🔜 t.me/UPSC_2018
About Masala Bonds:
The Masala bonds refer to rupee-denominated bonds through which Indian entities can raise money from foreign markets in rupee, and not in foreign currency.
Basically, they are debt instruments that are typically used by corporates to raise money from investors.
The issuance of rupee denominated bonds, Indian entity is protected against the risk of currency fluctuation, typically associated with borrowing in foreign currency.
Masala bonds also help in internationalization of the rupee and in expansion of the Indian bond markets.
Foreign Exchange Reserve.
The components of India’s Foreign Exchange Reserves include: Foreign currency assets (FCAs), Gold, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), RBI’s Reserve position with International Monetary Fund (IMF).
FCAs constitute the largest component of the Forex Reserves. It also comprises of investments in US Treasury bonds, bonds of other selected governments, deposits with foreign central and commercial banks.
About Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB):
China is the largest shareholder with 26.06% voting shares. India is the second largest shareholder with 7.5% voting shares followed by Russia 5.93% and Germany with 4.5%.
More about AIIB
AIIB is a multilateral development bank backed by China and is seen as a rival to the World Bank and Asian Development Bank (ADB).The bank started to function in January 2016.The bank was established to fund various infrastructure projects including energy, transportation, urban construction and logistics as well as education and healthcare in Asia-Pacific region.
Join 🔜 @UPSC_18
Market Intervention Scheme
Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) is a price support mechanism implemented on the request of State Governments for procurement of perishable and horticultural commodities in the event of a fall in market prices. The Scheme is implemented when there is at least 10% increase in production or 10% decrease in the ruling rates over the previous normal year.
Market Intervention Scheme works in a similar fashion to Minimum Support Price based procurement mechanism for food grains, but is an adhoc mechanism.
Join 🔜 t.me/UPSC_2018
Proposal of MIS is approved on the specific request of State/Union Territory (UT) Government, if the State/UT Government is ready to bear 50% loss (25% in case of North-Eastern States), if any, incurred on its implementation. Further, the extent of total amount of loss shared is restricted to 25% of the total procurement value which includes cost of the commodity procured plus permitted overhead expenses.
The Department of Agriculture & Cooperation is implementing the scheme. Under MIS, funds are not allocated to the States. Instead, central share of losses as per the guidelines of MIS is released to the State Governments/UTs, for which MIS has been approved, based on specific proposals received from them.
Join 🔜 @UPSC_18
Disinflation
Disinflation is a slowing in the rate of price inflation.
It is used to describe instances when the inflation rate has reduced marginally over the short term.
Although it is used to describe periods of slowing inflation, disinflation should not be confused with deflation, which can be harmful to the economy.
When the overall price level decreases so that inflation rate becomes negative, it is called deflation.
It is the opposite of the often-encountered inflation.
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Dr. Ashok Sharma