What are "dirty thunderstorms"?
Dirty thunderstorms are the ultimate explosive combination. These crackling ash clouds are essentially lightning created by volcanic eruptions. This dynamic display results from the same thing that causes regular lightning: ice particles colliding to produce a static charge, only with rock and ash thrown into the mix. According to the BBC, these voltaic visuals are actually pretty rare, except for at Mount Sakurajima in Japan, where it happens on an almost daily basis. Poor Japan.
Dirty thunderstorms are the ultimate explosive combination. These crackling ash clouds are essentially lightning created by volcanic eruptions. This dynamic display results from the same thing that causes regular lightning: ice particles colliding to produce a static charge, only with rock and ash thrown into the mix. According to the BBC, these voltaic visuals are actually pretty rare, except for at Mount Sakurajima in Japan, where it happens on an almost daily basis. Poor Japan.
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Individual vs group
The Maharashtra Prohibition of People from Social Boycott (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act (2016), which received presidential assent last week, is an acknowledgement of a basic principle of citizenship and justice: The social contract in a modern democracy is between the state and the citizen, and crime and punishment must be defined between these two parties.
Like in many other parts of India, caste panchayats in Maharashtra have wielded extra-judicial authority and Indian citizens have been ostracised, even killed by “community” actors despite breaking no laws. That the BJP-led Devendra Fadnavisgovernment has criminalised such actions is a welcome first step. Moving forward, it needs to politically address the climate of prejudice and intolerance that forms the backdrop of a community justice that encourages vigilantism and exclusion.
The Social Boycott Act was brought in in response to sustained movements provoked by atrocities against individuals by gaviks or caste panchayats in Maharashtra. A large number of these incidents were in response to inter-caste marriages. Four years ago, the “honour killing” of Pramila Khumbharkar sparked outrage and murdered rationalist Narendra Dhabolkar was among those who led the movement demanding legislation that specifically tackles feudal forms of mob and vigilante justice.
The new law addresses loopholes in existing laws that were used to thwart justice. For example, it ensures that trials are completed within six months from the date a report is first filed. The Act also penalises individuals or groups who try to prevent others from accessing places of worship, certain professions or even certain forms of dress and public behaviour. In essence, the law asserts the freedom of the individual over the social group they belong to. The legislation does, however, fall short when it comes to addressing inter-community social ostracism — for example, the denial of housing to minorities, or attacks on them for their diet and dress.
While the Indian Constitution has given a pride of place to individual rights, the unit of public discourse and political practice has often been the social group. In debates on caste injustice, secularism, women’s rights and even access to public spaces, it is the ascriptive identity rather than the notion of the individual liberty that is often at the forefront.
The Fadnavis government, in addition to legislation, must now take the lead in changing the tenor of public discourse. It cannot be seen to, for example, legitimise, even tacitly, vigilantism and violence in the name of cow protection, or impose dietary restrictions in the name of “community sentiments”. That, as much as the law itself, will display a political will to safeguard the rights of every citizen.
(Source- The Indian Express)
Individual vs group
The Maharashtra Prohibition of People from Social Boycott (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act (2016), which received presidential assent last week, is an acknowledgement of a basic principle of citizenship and justice: The social contract in a modern democracy is between the state and the citizen, and crime and punishment must be defined between these two parties.
Like in many other parts of India, caste panchayats in Maharashtra have wielded extra-judicial authority and Indian citizens have been ostracised, even killed by “community” actors despite breaking no laws. That the BJP-led Devendra Fadnavisgovernment has criminalised such actions is a welcome first step. Moving forward, it needs to politically address the climate of prejudice and intolerance that forms the backdrop of a community justice that encourages vigilantism and exclusion.
The Social Boycott Act was brought in in response to sustained movements provoked by atrocities against individuals by gaviks or caste panchayats in Maharashtra. A large number of these incidents were in response to inter-caste marriages. Four years ago, the “honour killing” of Pramila Khumbharkar sparked outrage and murdered rationalist Narendra Dhabolkar was among those who led the movement demanding legislation that specifically tackles feudal forms of mob and vigilante justice.
The new law addresses loopholes in existing laws that were used to thwart justice. For example, it ensures that trials are completed within six months from the date a report is first filed. The Act also penalises individuals or groups who try to prevent others from accessing places of worship, certain professions or even certain forms of dress and public behaviour. In essence, the law asserts the freedom of the individual over the social group they belong to. The legislation does, however, fall short when it comes to addressing inter-community social ostracism — for example, the denial of housing to minorities, or attacks on them for their diet and dress.
While the Indian Constitution has given a pride of place to individual rights, the unit of public discourse and political practice has often been the social group. In debates on caste injustice, secularism, women’s rights and even access to public spaces, it is the ascriptive identity rather than the notion of the individual liberty that is often at the forefront.
The Fadnavis government, in addition to legislation, must now take the lead in changing the tenor of public discourse. It cannot be seen to, for example, legitimise, even tacitly, vigilantism and violence in the name of cow protection, or impose dietary restrictions in the name of “community sentiments”. That, as much as the law itself, will display a political will to safeguard the rights of every citizen.
(Source- The Indian Express)
What is "the door to hell" and how did it come about ?
Science can easily explain the 70-meter-wide Door to Hell in Turkmenistan, because science caused it. According to the Daily Mail, back in 1971, Soviet geologists were drilling what they thought was an oil field. But instead, they wound up opening a natural gas-filled cavern. Fearing a poisonous-gas leak, they lit a match, hoping to burn off the toxic vapor. The gas supply they thought would burn off in a few days continues to burn as of this writing. In 2010, Turkmenistan's president Gurbanbuly Berdimuhamedow wanted the hole closed, but that hasn't happened. And in case you're wondering, people can visit the infernal locale. Just don't forget the marshmallows.
Science can easily explain the 70-meter-wide Door to Hell in Turkmenistan, because science caused it. According to the Daily Mail, back in 1971, Soviet geologists were drilling what they thought was an oil field. But instead, they wound up opening a natural gas-filled cavern. Fearing a poisonous-gas leak, they lit a match, hoping to burn off the toxic vapor. The gas supply they thought would burn off in a few days continues to burn as of this writing. In 2010, Turkmenistan's president Gurbanbuly Berdimuhamedow wanted the hole closed, but that hasn't happened. And in case you're wondering, people can visit the infernal locale. Just don't forget the marshmallows.
Phosphorescent (glowing) water?
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In some parts of the world, the beaches are so beautiful that the waves shine at night. It's true! These glowing waves, which can be found in the Everglades, the Maldives, and numerous other places around the world, are actually created by microorganisms, according to National Geographic. These particular microorganisms, phytoplankton, give off light when they're agitated, like when they're struck by waves. The result is an alluring glow, which can be seen in various locations in the world's oceans. It also makes for great, natural mood lighting.
https://t.me//UPSC_18
In some parts of the world, the beaches are so beautiful that the waves shine at night. It's true! These glowing waves, which can be found in the Everglades, the Maldives, and numerous other places around the world, are actually created by microorganisms, according to National Geographic. These particular microorganisms, phytoplankton, give off light when they're agitated, like when they're struck by waves. The result is an alluring glow, which can be seen in various locations in the world's oceans. It also makes for great, natural mood lighting.
What is Flammable Bubbles?
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The bubbles found in Lake Abraham in Canada may look like a giant lava lamp, but they're nowhere near as groovy. These brisk globules actually contain methane released by bacteria, after consuming dead organic matter, which is then trapped in the ice, according to The Guardian. For the most part, the bubbles are harmless. That is unless they're lit. In that case, they turn to bitter bombs. That's right: Lake Abraham, the only lake that needs a no-smoking sign.
https://t.me/UPSC_18
The bubbles found in Lake Abraham in Canada may look like a giant lava lamp, but they're nowhere near as groovy. These brisk globules actually contain methane released by bacteria, after consuming dead organic matter, which is then trapped in the ice, according to The Guardian. For the most part, the bubbles are harmless. That is unless they're lit. In that case, they turn to bitter bombs. That's right: Lake Abraham, the only lake that needs a no-smoking sign.
What is soil free farming ?
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Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture, the method of growing plants without soil, using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent. Terrestrial plants may be grown with only their roots exposed to the mineral solution, or the roots may be supported by an inert medium, such as perlite or gravel.
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Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture, the method of growing plants without soil, using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent. Terrestrial plants may be grown with only their roots exposed to the mineral solution, or the roots may be supported by an inert medium, such as perlite or gravel.
Subtropical jet stream (STJ)
The sub-tropical jet stream is produced by the earth’s rotation (Coriolis force) and temperature contrast between tropical and sub – tropical regions .
At the equator, the rotation produces greatest velocity in the atmosphere.
As a result, the rising air which spreads out and southwards, moves faster than the latitudes over which it is blowing.
It is deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere, and at about 30° latitude, it becomes concentrated as the subtropical jet streams.
During winter, the STJ is nearly continuous in both hemispheres. The STJ exists all year in the southern hemisphere. However, it is intermittent in the northern hemisphere during summer when it migrates north.
The STJ can be temporarily displaced when strong mid-latitude troughs extend into subtropical latitudes. When these displacements occur, the subtropical jet can merge with the polar front jet (more in Indian Monsoons).
STJ is closely connected to the Indian and African summer monsoons.
The sub-tropical jet stream is produced by the earth’s rotation (Coriolis force) and temperature contrast between tropical and sub – tropical regions .
At the equator, the rotation produces greatest velocity in the atmosphere.
As a result, the rising air which spreads out and southwards, moves faster than the latitudes over which it is blowing.
It is deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere, and at about 30° latitude, it becomes concentrated as the subtropical jet streams.
During winter, the STJ is nearly continuous in both hemispheres. The STJ exists all year in the southern hemisphere. However, it is intermittent in the northern hemisphere during summer when it migrates north.
The STJ can be temporarily displaced when strong mid-latitude troughs extend into subtropical latitudes. When these displacements occur, the subtropical jet can merge with the polar front jet (more in Indian Monsoons).
STJ is closely connected to the Indian and African summer monsoons.
BHIM - Bharat Interface for Money
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The Bharat Interface for Money (BHIM) mobile app was launched by Narendra Modi on 30 December 2016 in New Delhi.
The BHIM app is dedicated to Dr. Bhimrao R. Ambedkar
♣ Platfotm: Android, iOS and Window mobiles
The app is based on the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) . It is an open platform and not a mobile wallet Bank-to-bank payments and Pay and collect money using just Mobile number or Virtual Payment Address (VPA).
♣ Developer: The app was developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
♣ Available Languages: Now available in 12 languages, it will be updated in other languages in future
♣ Process of Transaction: We can send or receive money to different bank accounts with ZERO Transaction charges by using
1.UPI payment addresses by dialling *99#
2.Account number with IFSC(Indian Financial System Code) code or MMID (Mobile Money Identifier) Code
3.QR (Quick Response) code for a fixed amount of money
♣ Limits: Transaction limit per day is limited to Rs.20,000 Transaction limit per transaction is Rs.1 to Rs.10,000 USSD(Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) transaction per day set at Rs. 5,000. Mobile operator may charge you up to Rs.1.50 per transaction.
♣ Remarks: BHIM app has recorded 18 million downloads till March 2017
https://t.me/UPSC_18
The Bharat Interface for Money (BHIM) mobile app was launched by Narendra Modi on 30 December 2016 in New Delhi.
The BHIM app is dedicated to Dr. Bhimrao R. Ambedkar
♣ Platfotm: Android, iOS and Window mobiles
The app is based on the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) . It is an open platform and not a mobile wallet Bank-to-bank payments and Pay and collect money using just Mobile number or Virtual Payment Address (VPA).
♣ Developer: The app was developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
♣ Available Languages: Now available in 12 languages, it will be updated in other languages in future
♣ Process of Transaction: We can send or receive money to different bank accounts with ZERO Transaction charges by using
1.UPI payment addresses by dialling *99#
2.Account number with IFSC(Indian Financial System Code) code or MMID (Mobile Money Identifier) Code
3.QR (Quick Response) code for a fixed amount of money
♣ Limits: Transaction limit per day is limited to Rs.20,000 Transaction limit per transaction is Rs.1 to Rs.10,000 USSD(Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) transaction per day set at Rs. 5,000. Mobile operator may charge you up to Rs.1.50 per transaction.
♣ Remarks: BHIM app has recorded 18 million downloads till March 2017
Why does a camel have a hump?
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Camels do not store water in their humps, as it is commonly believed. The humps are actually reservoirs of fatty tissue. Concentrating body fat in their humps minimizes heat-trapping insulation throughout the rest of their body, which may be an adaptation to living in hot climates. When this tissue is metabolized, it acts as a source of energy and yields more than 1g of water for each 1g of fat converted through reaction with oxygen from air.
https://t.me/UPSC_18
Camels do not store water in their humps, as it is commonly believed. The humps are actually reservoirs of fatty tissue. Concentrating body fat in their humps minimizes heat-trapping insulation throughout the rest of their body, which may be an adaptation to living in hot climates. When this tissue is metabolized, it acts as a source of energy and yields more than 1g of water for each 1g of fat converted through reaction with oxygen from air.
@UPSC_18
Arunachal Pradesh: Separate Time Zone Issue
(1). There is a demand for a separate time zone for the northeastern states to improve work efficiency and save electricity in the region.
(2). According to him, several daylight hours are getting wasted as government offices opens only at 10am and closes as early as 4pm.
(3). IST iss fixed in 1906 at 82.5°, or 5.30 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
(4). Although it is not felt by most Indians, it really creates troubles for the people who live in North East.
(5). In North East, the day starts getting brighter by 4 AM and darker by 5 PM. The adoption of separate time zone would allow people of North East to begin early and use the time which is currently wasted.
(6). The chaibagan time was introduced by the British over 150 years ago. It was set one hour ahead of the Indian Standard Time (IST) for tea estates, collieries and oil industry of Assam.
Arunachal Pradesh: Separate Time Zone Issue
(1). There is a demand for a separate time zone for the northeastern states to improve work efficiency and save electricity in the region.
(2). According to him, several daylight hours are getting wasted as government offices opens only at 10am and closes as early as 4pm.
(3). IST iss fixed in 1906 at 82.5°, or 5.30 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
(4). Although it is not felt by most Indians, it really creates troubles for the people who live in North East.
(5). In North East, the day starts getting brighter by 4 AM and darker by 5 PM. The adoption of separate time zone would allow people of North East to begin early and use the time which is currently wasted.
(6). The chaibagan time was introduced by the British over 150 years ago. It was set one hour ahead of the Indian Standard Time (IST) for tea estates, collieries and oil industry of Assam.
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Difference Between P.O.S & ATM Machine
P.O.S ~
Point of Sale terminal is a combination of software and hardware that allows retail location to process card payment. It reads the information of a customer’s Credit and debit card; check whether the funds
are sufficient in a customer’s bank account. It also transfers the funds from the customer’s account to the seller’s account, records the transaction and after the transaction is approved the terminal prints receipt for the customer.
ATM: -
ATM stands for Automated Teller Machine. This computerizes machine permits customer to access their bank account with a magnetically encoded plastic card and a code number. It allows withdrawing money and making deposits, paying bills, obtaining bank statements, check account balance and transfer money.
*DIFFERENCES BETWEEN P.O.S AND ATM
P.O.S: ATM
1. The full form of P.O.S. is Point of sale.
1. Where the full form of ATM is Automated teller Machine.
2. P.O.S. is basically used at grocery or retail stores.
2. Where an ATM. is used at public places for the ease of banking service to people.
3. P.O.S. is used to give support to business for cash transaction.
3. Where an ATM. is used to give support to banking services. That’s why it is also called self-service banking machine.
4. P.O.S. is only used to transfer cash digitally from account to account.
4. Where an ATM. is used to transfer as well as withdrawal of cash.
5. A P.O.S. is run by a P.O.S. terminal, a server and a P.O.S. retail software.
5. Where an ATM. connects to a host computer through a network.
6. There is no restriction or no extra charge to use a P.O.S. at any number of time for a particular bank account in a given time.
6. Where there is a restriction or carrying extra charge to use a particular ATM. to use many numbers of time for a particular bank account to withdraw money in a given time.
P.O.S ~
Point of Sale terminal is a combination of software and hardware that allows retail location to process card payment. It reads the information of a customer’s Credit and debit card; check whether the funds
are sufficient in a customer’s bank account. It also transfers the funds from the customer’s account to the seller’s account, records the transaction and after the transaction is approved the terminal prints receipt for the customer.
ATM: -
ATM stands for Automated Teller Machine. This computerizes machine permits customer to access their bank account with a magnetically encoded plastic card and a code number. It allows withdrawing money and making deposits, paying bills, obtaining bank statements, check account balance and transfer money.
*DIFFERENCES BETWEEN P.O.S AND ATM
P.O.S: ATM
1. The full form of P.O.S. is Point of sale.
1. Where the full form of ATM is Automated teller Machine.
2. P.O.S. is basically used at grocery or retail stores.
2. Where an ATM. is used at public places for the ease of banking service to people.
3. P.O.S. is used to give support to business for cash transaction.
3. Where an ATM. is used to give support to banking services. That’s why it is also called self-service banking machine.
4. P.O.S. is only used to transfer cash digitally from account to account.
4. Where an ATM. is used to transfer as well as withdrawal of cash.
5. A P.O.S. is run by a P.O.S. terminal, a server and a P.O.S. retail software.
5. Where an ATM. connects to a host computer through a network.
6. There is no restriction or no extra charge to use a P.O.S. at any number of time for a particular bank account in a given time.
6. Where there is a restriction or carrying extra charge to use a particular ATM. to use many numbers of time for a particular bank account to withdraw money in a given time.