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Mains Paper 2: Polity

NHRC is a hot topic these days. after comments from NHRC, it has become more important.

Notice by National Human Rights Commission
NHRC has issued a notice to the Union Ministry of Home Affairs
Why: over the planned deportation of about 40,000 Rohingya immigrants from Myanmar
NHRC has asked for a detailed report within four weeks, from the Ministry
Government’s Plan to deport Rohingya immigrants
The government is planning to deport the Rohingyas by setting up “detention centres”

NHRC
The Rights Commission (NHRC) of India is an autonomous public body constituted on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance of 28 September 1993
The NHRC is the National Human Rights Commission of India, responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights, defined by the Act as “rights relating to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants”

Why more complaints in NHRC than FIRs?

Source: National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)
There is unwillingness among the police to file an FIR against one of their own
Allegations of human rights violations by the police in India are investigated by the police themselves
Need: A body similar to the Independent Police Complaints Commission as in the United Kingdom or the Independent Police Investigative Directorate in South Africa
The NHRC’s investigative unit draws its members from the State police forces who are on deputation
The unit does not have the powers for active investigation- it cannot collect or preserve physical evidence itself but has to ask the local police for it.

Which national anthem don't have official lyrics ?

The Marcha Real (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmartʃa reˈal], "Royal March") is the national anthem of Spain. It is one of only four national anthems (along with those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and San Marino) in the world to have no official lyrics.

Science & Technology Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.

Research on Space Weather is important. Because it is very crucial for the survival of the mankind.


Total Solar Eclipse
About 16% of the U.S. territory will witness a total eclipse
This eclipse has the special feature of lasting for so long over the mainland
Why are Scientists doing research on this Eclipse?
Scientists across the world are trying to use it to verify their theories on the Sun
This can help them model “space weather”
And predict solar storms that can affect the operation of satellites and even electric power grids on Earth
Indian Scientists are also interested in it
Indian Scientists at the Centre for Excellence in Space Sciences India (CESSI) in the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, are also researching on this eclipse
Why CESSI is doing research: If their prediction is correct, their model of the Sun will be validated and they can then fine-tune it to make predictions of space weather

Total Solar Eclipse
Total solar eclipses occur when the New Moon comes between the Sun and Earth and casts the darkest part of its shadow, the umbra, on Earth. A full solar eclipse, known as totality, is almost as dark as night
During a total eclipse of the Sun, the Moon covers the entire disk of the Sun
In partial and annular solar eclipses, the Moon blocks only part of the Sun
Space Weather
Space weather refers to the environmental conditions in Earth’s magnetosphere, ionosphere and thermosphere due to the Sun and the solar wind that can influence the functioning and reliability of space borne and ground-based systems and services or endanger property or human health.

Mobilization of resources
Once you are done reading this op-ed, you will be able to attempt the below
“A national asset management agency of the kind South Korea and Malaysia have deployed in the past would be a pragmatic way of dealing with NPAs” Discuss

For Prelims: Scheme for Sustainable Structuring of Stressed Assets, Strategic Debt Restructuring Scheme, Corporate Debt Restructuring Mechanism
For Mains: NPA problem and solution

RBI Financial Stability Report warned that the banking system’s gross bad loan ratio could rise to as high as 10.2% of the total loan book by March 2018 from 9.6% in March 2017.
Reason?
After global financial crisis, Indian banks pursued an aggressive lending strategy, without conducting adequate credit appraisal or post-disbursal monitoring
Solutions that have been attempted
SARFAESI Act
Corporate Debt Restructuring Mechanism
Strategic Debt Restructuring Scheme
Scheme for Sustainable Structuring of Stressed Assets or S4A
But all these hardly helped ameliorate the bad loan situation
Pragmatic approach ?
Create a national asset management company (NAMC) along the lines of South Korea’s Kamco (Korea Asset Management Corp.) or Malaysia’s Danaharta
Kamco’s  Success
Following the Asian financial crisis, both Kamco and Danaharta played a crucial role in reducing the stressed assets
Besides being highly illiquid, the market for stressed assets had large information asymmetries—sellers possess more information about soured assets than the buyers.
This increases the bid-ask spread and damages the chances of market clearance.
Owing to the absence of information on comparables, the buyers end up paying higher prices for the assets.
This is where Kamco, aided price discovery in the illiquid market by stepping in as the first-mover.
Until mid-1999, Kamco appeared to pay higher prices than average for buying bad loans. Soon after, prices became more realistic, drawing interest from private players in the market for distressed loans. 
National asset management company (NAMC)
An NAMC would take over the NPAs corresponding to projects that are unviable in the short and medium term but may become viable in the longer term.
It would then help discover the right price of those assets by being the first-mover in the market
Another way NAMC could reduce market imperfections would be through leveraging the benefits of structured finance.
By pooling different non-performing assets (NPAs), dividing them into tranches according to their risk profiles, and then selling them to interested investors
NAMC could help generate liquidity in the market. This is because investors would be able to participate according to their risk preferences.
Way forward
Setting up an NPA transaction platform that would act as a central repository of data on stressed assets from participating banks .
This would further enhance liquidity by making transaction data standardized and transparent, allowing investors to take informed decisions.
Creation of an NAMC should come with a “sunset clause”. After a predefined period, when the company’s operations are no longer deemed necessary, it should be wound up or the government’s stake sold to private parties.
This would ensure that the company does not fall prey to the same disincentives and degenerate into a bad bank that engages in impetuous lending.

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200 Most Important one word Substitution for SSC CGL,CHSL,BANK 2017
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1. Audience – a number of people listening to a lecture
2. Altruist – one, who considers the happiness and well-being of others first
3. Atheist – a person who does not believe in God
4. Anthropologist – one, who studies the evolution of mankind
5. Autocracy – government by one person
6. Autobiography – the life history of a person written by himself
7. Amputate – to cut off a part of a person's body which is infected
8. Arsenal – a place for ammunition and weapons
9. Archives – a place where government or public records are kept
10. Amateur – a man who does a thing for pleasure and not as a profession
11. Aristocracy – government by the nobles
12. Aquatic – animals/plants ere which live in water
13. Amphibian – animals which live both on land and sea
14. Ambidexter – one, who can use either hand with ease
15. Alimony – allowance paid to wife on legal separation
16. Anthology – a collection of poems
17. Abdication – voluntary giving up of throne in favour of someone
18. Arbitrator – a person, appointed by two parties to solve a dispute
19. Astronomer – a person, who studies stars, planets and other heavenly bodies
20. Astrologer – a person who studies the influence of heavenly bodies on human beings
21. Anthology – a collection of poems
22. Axiom – a statement which is accepted as true without proof
23. Agenda – a list of headings of the business to be transacted at a meeting
24. Anarchist – one, who is out to destroy all governance, law and order
25. Almanac – an annual calender with positions of stars
26. Bigamy – the practice of having two wives or husbands at a time
27. Bibliophile – a lover and collector of books
28. Bouquet – a collection of flowers
29. Bureaucracy – government by the officials
30. Belligerent – a person, nation that is involved in war
31. Biennial – an event which happens once in two years
32. Blasphemy – the act of speaking disrespectfully about sacred things
33. Creche – a nursery where children are cared for while their parents are at work
34. Cosmopolitan – a person who regards whole world as his country
35. Chauffeur – one, who is employed to drive a motor car
36. Curator – a person incharge of a museum
37. Carnivorous – one, who lives on flesh
38. Cannibal – one, who feeds on human flesh
39. Contemporaries – belonging to or living at the same time
40. Cloak room – a place for luggage at railway station
41. Cynosure – centre of attraction
42. Connoisseur – a critical judge of any art and craft
43. Crusade – a religious war
44. Choreographer – one, who teaches dancing
45. Cacographist – a person, who is bad in spellings
46. Calligraphist – a person, who writes beautiful handwriting
47. Cynic – one, who sneers at the aims and beliefs of his fellow men
48. Convalescent – one, who is recovering health
49. Cavalry – soldiers, who fight on horse back
50. Cardiologist – a person, who is specialist in heart diseases
51. Cartographer – one, who draws maps
52. Dormitory – the sleeping rooms with several beds especially in a college or institution
53. Drawn – a game that results neither in victory nor in defeat
54. Elegy – a poem of lamentation
55. Epitaph – words which are inscribed on the grave or the tomb in the memory of the buried
56. Ephemeral – lasting one day
57. Effeminate – a person who is womanish
58. Emigrant – a person who leaves his own country and goes to live in another
59. Edible – fit to be eaten
60. Egotism – practice of talking too much about oneself
61. Encyclopaedia – a book that contains information on various subjects
62. Epicure – one, who is devoted to the pleasure of eating and drinking
63. Florist – one, who deals-in flowers
64. Fastidious – one, who is very -selective in one's taste
65. Fanatic or Bigot – one, who is filled with excessive and mistaken enthusiasm in religious matters
66. Fatal – causing death
67. Fatalist – one, who believes in fate
68. Facsimile – an exact copy of handwriting,
68. Facsimile – an exact copy of handwriting

, printing etc
69. Fauna – the ani

mals of a certain region
70. Flora – the plants of a particular region
71. Fratricide – murder of brother
72. Fugitive – one, who runs away from justice or the law
73. Fragile – easily broken
74. Feminist – one, who works for the welfare of the women
75. Granary – a place for grains
76. Genocide – murder of race
77. Gregarious – animals which live in flocks
78. Hangar – a place for housing aeroplanes
79. Hive – a place for bees
80. Horticulture – the art of cultivating and managing gardens
81. Homicide – murder of man
82. Hearse – a vehicle which is used to carry a dead body
83. Hedonist – one, who believes that pleasure is the chief good (sensual)
84. Horizon – a line at which the earth and the sky seem to meet
85. Honorary – holding office without any remuneration
86. Heretic – one, who acts against religion
87. Herbivorous – one, who lives on herbs
88. Insolvent/Bankrupt – a person who is unable to pay his debts
89. Inaudible – a sound that cannot be heard
90. Inaccessible – that cannot be easily approached
91. Incorrigible – incapable of being corrected
92. Irreparable – incapable of being repaired
93. Illegible – incapable of being read
94. Inevitable – incapable of being avoided
95. Impracticable – incapable of being practised
96. Immigrant – a person who comes to one country from another in order to settle there
97. Invincible – one, too strong to be overcome
98. Indelible – that cannot be erased
99. Incognito – travelling under another name than one's own
100. Indefatigable – one, who does not tire easily
101. Infallible – one, who is free from all mistakes and failures
102. Invigilator – one, who supervises in the examination hall
103. Itinerant – one, who journeys from place to place
104. Infirmary – a home or room used for ill or injured people
105. Infanticide – murder of an infant
106. Infantry – soldiers, who fight on foot
107. Inflammable – liable to catch fire easily
108. Interregnum – a period of interval between two reigns or governments
109. Kennel – a place for dogs
110. Lunatic asylum – a home for lunatics
111. Lexicographer – one, who compiles a dictionary
112. Loquacious – one, who talks continuously
113. Linguist – one, who is skilled in foreign languages
114. Lapidist – one, who cuts precious stones
115. Misanthrope – a hater of mankind
116. Misogamist – one, who hates marriage
117. Mortuary – a place, where dead bodies are kept for post mortem
118. Mercenery – working only for the sake of money
119. Matricide – murder of mother
120. Martyr – one, who dies for a noble cause
121. Maiden speech – the first speech delivered by a person
122. Mint – a place where coins are made
123. Misogynist – a hater of womankind
124. Morgue – a place, where dead bodies are kept for identification
125. Mammals – animals which give milk
126. Monogamy – the practice of marrying one at a time
127. Missionary – a person, who is sent to propagate religion
128. Numismatics – the study of coins
129. Namesake – a person having same name as another
130. Nostalgia – a strong desire to return home, home sickness
131. Novice or Tyro – one, new to anything, inexperienced
132. Narcotic – a medicine for producing sleep
133. Optimist – a person who looks at the brighter side of things
134. Orphan – one, who has lost parents
135. Omnipresent – one, who is present everywhere
136. Omnipotent – one, who is all powerful
137. Omniscient – one, who knows everything
138. Opaque – that which cannot be seen through
139. Obituary – an account in the newspaper of the funeral of the one deceased
140. Orphanage – a home for orphans
141. Obstetrician – one, who is skilled in midwifery
142. Ostler – one, who looks after horses at an inn
143. Omnivorous – one, who eats everything
144. Pessimist – a person who looks at the darker side of things
145. Potable – fit to drink
146. Post mortem – an examination of dead body
147. Philanthropist – a lover of mankind
148. Patricide8. Patricide – murder of father 149. Philatelist – one, who collects stamps
150. Plagiarism – literary theft or passing off an author's origina

l work as one's own
151. Polygamy –

the practice of marrying more than one wife at a time
152. Polyandry – the practice of marrying more than one husband at a time
153. Philogynist – a lover of womankind
154. Plebiscite – (a decision made by) votes of all qualified citizens
155. Philanderer – one, who amuses himself by love making
156. Philistine – one who does not care for art and literature
157. Plutocracy – government by the rich
158. Pseudonym – an imaginary name assumed by an author for disguise
159. Posthumous – a child born after the death of his father or the book published after the death of the writer
160. Panacea – a remedy for all diseases
161. Paediatrician – a person, who is specialist in child diseases
162. Platitude – ordinary remarks often repeated
163. Pedant – one, who makes a vain display of his knowledge
164. Polyglot – one, who speaks many languages
165. Paleography – the study of ancient writing
166. Posse – a number of policemen called to quell a riot
167. Parole – pledge given by a prisoner for temporary release, not to escape
168. Pedestrian – one, who goes on foot
169. Portable – that can be carried easily
170. Quarantine – an act of separation from other persons to avoid infection
171. Rhetoric – the art of elegant speech or writing
172. Regicide – murder of King or Queen
173. Sacrilege – violating or profaning religious things/places
174. Sculptor – one, who cuts in stones
175. Suicide – murder of oneself
176. Stable – a place for horses
177. Somnambulist – a person, who walks in sleep
178. Somniloquist – a person, who talks in sleep
179. Souvenir – a thing kept as a reminder of a person, place or event
180. Swan song – the last work (literary) of a writer
181. Sot, Toper – one, who is a habitual drunkard
182. Sinecure – a job with high salary but little responsibility
183. Stoic – a person, who is indifferent to pleasure and pain and has control over his passions
184. Sanatorium – a place for the sick to recover health
185. Sororicide – murder of sister
186. Triennial – an event which happens once in three years
187. Truant – a person/student who absents himself from class or duty without permission
188. Teetotaller – one, who does not take any intoxicating drink
189. Transparent – that which can be seen through
190. Theocracy – government by religious principles
191. Uxorious – one extremely fond of one's wife
192. Utopia – an imaginary perfect social and political system
193. Uxoricide – murder of wife
194. Verbatim – repetition of speech or writing word for word
195. Volunteer – one, who offers one's services
196. Virgin – a woman who has no sexual experience
197. Versatile – interested in and clever at many different things
198. Veteran – one, who has a long experience of any occupation
199. Venial – a fault that may be forgiven
200. Wardrobe – a place for clothes
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What is the "Tunguska Event" ?

One of the biggest explosions in history, the Tunguska Event occurred on June 30, 1908 in Siberia. The blast leveled approximately 770 square miles of forest, and supposedly left a glow in the night skies for the next three days, according to an issue of Nature from that time. The cause of the explosion, however, has yet to be fully explained. However, of the possible causes, the leading answer is an asteroid burst, similar to the Chelyabinsk meteor in 2013.

What is the difference between ‘cemetery’ and ‘graveyard’?

From about the 7th century C.E., the process of burial was firmly in the hands of the Church (the Christian organization), and burying the dead was only allowed on the lands near a church (now referring to the building), the so-called churchyard. The part of the churchyard used for burial was called graveyard.

As the population of Europe started to grow, the capacity of graveyards was no longer sufficient (the population of modern Europe is almost 40 times higher than it was in the 7th century). By the end of the 18th century, the unsustainability of church burials became apparent, and completely new places for burying people, independent of graveyards, appeared—and these were called cemeteries.

Mains Paper 2: Trade policy concerns between India and the US

Concerns from Indian Side
The Centre will raise Indian industry’s concerns over the U.S. visa ‘curbs’, during the India-U.S. Trade Policy Forum (TPF) meeting likely in October
TFP is the premier forum to resolve bilateral trade and investment issues between India and the US
Possible topics of discussion during TFP
From the US side: the U.S. is expected raise its worries over India’s ‘restrictions’ on e-commerce
And the ‘challenges’ faced by American innovative industries due to India’s ‘weak’ Intellectual Property Rights regime
From Indian Side: Indian government is likely to raise the issue of the ‘non-tariff barriers’ by the U.S. that are hurting Indian agriculture, pharmaceuticals and other industrial exports.

Digital Industrialization

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Mains Paper 2: Governance | Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections.
Important
For Prelims: Swachhagrahi
For Mains: Good overview of the progress made so far, under the SBM.

The article talks about the progress of the Swachh Bharat Mission(SBM)
SWB was Launched in October 2014 and scheduled to culminate by October 2, 2019, the 150th birth anniversary of Gandhiji, the SBM is close to completing three years.
Progress under the SBM
The Rural sanitation coverage has increased from 39 per cent to 67 per cent in three years and over 230 million people in rural India have stopped defecating in the open
Five states, 186 districts and over 2,31,000 villages have been declared as ODF(open defection free)
The most significant policy shift in under SBM has been the move from outputs (number of toilets built) to outcomes (ODF villages)
Means, now we calculate our progress in number of ODF villages instead of number of toilet builds
Swachhagrahi
Swachhagrahi are trained grass roots level motivators who work under an incentive-based system
They “trigger” behaviour change by stimulating community-level demand for toilets
The SBM ambitiously aims at having at least one trained grassroots-level swachhagrahi in each village in India
Currently, more than 1.5 lakh swachhagrahi are working in villages
Strict guidelines for Verification
Currently, verification of ODF villages stands at around 56 per cent
To accelerate the verification process, the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation has recently issued policy guidelines
According to these guidelines, state governments will be eligible for release of the second instalment of central funds only if they have fully verified all their ODF villages
The Way Forward
The emphasis on sustainability differentiates SBM from previous sanitation programmes
The progress made so far and the acceleration expected over the coming 12-15 months with the active engagement of millions of people, the goal is definitely achievable.