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El Nino
El Nino refers to the heating up of water in the eastern pacific region which will have a cascading effect on the weather conditions across the world. The theory behind the occurrence and cause of an El Nino hasn't been completely conceptualized yet. Indeed, it is an observation made by Sir Gilbert Walker, the Director General of Observatories in India more than a century back that led to the discovery of this effect. Even though we have learnt a lot about El Nino since then, but there is still a lot left to understand.
The effect an El Nino has on India is probabilistic in nature. Statistically, there are 40% chances that an El Nino will result in a drought situation in India. It implies an El Nino doesn't necessarily result in a drought in India. For example in 1997, an El Nino year, India witnessed an above average rainfall and there are many other years in which an El Nino did not result in a drought in India. So, an El Nino in isolation cannot have a definitive effect on India.

But there is another interesting effect called the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), studied by Toshio Yamagata's research group at JAMSTEC. The study found that when waters in the Indian Ocean towards Africa are unusually warm and the waters towards Indonesia are extremely cool, they form a dipole. This is called a positive dipole and a vice versa phenomenon results in a negative dipole. And when a negative dipole is coupled with an El Nino, there is a very high probability that India will face a drought! Sadly, there is a strong chance for occurrence of a negative IOD in the Indian Ocean. So, we can strongly expect a weak monsoon this time. Since, a majority of our agricultural production still depends on monsoons, a weak monsoon night have a trickle down effect and ultimately lead to food inflation.

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Legislative Business transacted during 12th Session of 16th Lok Sabha and 243rd Session of Rajya Sabha (Monsoon Session, 2017)

 

 I – BILLS INTRODUCED IN LOK SABHA

 

1.      The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment) Bill, 2017

2.      The Banking Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2017

3.      The State Banks (Repeal and Amendment) Bill, 2017

4.      The Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy (IIPE) Bill, 2017;

5.      The Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property Amendment Bill, 2017

6.      The Central Road Fund (Amendment) Bill, 2017

7.      The Punjab Municipal Corporation Law (Extension to Chandigarh) Amendment Bill, 2017

8.      The Central Goods and Services Tax (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Bill, 2017.

9.      The Integrated Goods and Services Tax (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Bill, 2017

10.  The Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Amendment Bill, 2017

11.  The Appropriation (No.3) Bill, 2017

12.  The Appropriation (No.4) Bill, 2017

13.  The National Sports University Bill, 2017

14.  The Code on Wages, 2017

15.  The Financial Resolution and Deposit Insurance Bill, 2017

16.  The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (Second Amendment) Bill, 2017

17.  The Repealing and Amending (Second) Bill, 2017

 

 

II – BILLS PASSED BY LOK SABHA

 

1.      The Indian Institutes of Information Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2017;

2.      The Right of Children Free and Compulsory Education (Amendment) Bill, 2017

3.      The Indian Institutes of Information Technology (Public-Private Partnership) Bill, 2017

4.      The Companies (Amendment) Bill, 2016

5.      The Indian Institute of Management Bill, 2017

6.      The Appropriation (No.3) Bill, 2017

7.      The Appropriation (No.4) Bill, 2017

8.      The Central Goods and Services Tax (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Bill, 2017;

9.  The Integrated Goods and Services Tax (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Bill, 2017

10.  The Banking Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2017

11.  The Punjab Municipal Corporation Law (Extension to Chandigarh) Amendment Bill, 2017

12.  The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (Amendment) Bill, 2017

13.  The Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy (IIPE) Bill, 2017

14.  The State Banks (Repeal and Amendment) Bill, 2017

 

III – BILLS PASSED BY RAJYA SABHA

 

1.      The Footwear Design and Development Institute Bill, 2017

2.      The Admiralty (Jurisdiction and Settlement of Maritime Claims) Bill, 2017

3.      The Collection of Statistics (Amendment) Bill, 2017

4.      The National Institutes of Technology, Science Education and Research (Amendment) Bill, 2017

5.      The Indian Institutes of Information Technology (Public-Private Partnership) Bill, 2017

6.      The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty Third Amendment) Bill, 2017 as amended

7.      The Right of Children Free and Compulsory Education (Amendment) Bill, 2017

8.      The Indian Institutes of Information Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2017 

9.      The Banking Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2017

 

 

IV – BILLS PASSED BY BOTH HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT

 

1.      The Footwear Design and Development Institute Bill, 2017

2.      The Admiralty (Jurisdiction and Settlement of Maritime Claims) Bill, 2017

3.      The Collection of Statistics (Amendment) Bill, 2017

4.      The National Institutes of Technology, Science Education and Research (Amendment) Bill, 2017

5.      The Indian Institutes of Information Technology (Public-Private Partnership) Bill, 2017

6.      The Right of Children Free and Compulsory Education (Amendment) Bill, 2017

7.      The Indian Institutes of Information Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2017 

8.      The Banking Regulation (Amendment) Bill, 2017

9.      #The Appropriation (No.3) Bill, 2017

10.  #The Appropriation (No.4) Bill, 2017

11.  #The Central Goods and Services Tax (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Bill, 2017;

12.  #The Integrated Goods and Services Tax (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Bill, 2017

13.  #The Punjab Municipal

Corporation Law.

......13. #The Punjab Municipal Corporation Law.

Why are the Pamirs called the Roof of the World ?

It is called the roof of the world because they are at high altitude. The Pamir Mountains are a mountain range in Central Asia formed by the junction of the Himalayas with Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and Hindu Kush ranges.
Pamirs Mountainous region in central Asia, lying mostly in Tajikistan and partly in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and China. The region forms a geological structural knot from which the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and Hindu Kush mountain ranges radiate.

Who is bugs bunny?

Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character; created in 1940 by Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and voiced originally by Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring roles in the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of animated short films, produced by Warner Bros. during the golden age of American animation. His popularity during this era led to his becoming an American cultural icon, as well as the official mascot of Warner Bros. Entertainment.

Old n new names of cities n changed year

Jubbulpore-Jabalpur-Madhya Pradesh- 1947

Cawnpore- Kanpur-Uttar Pradesh-1948

Simla-Shimla-Himachal Pradesh-1948

Tanjore-Thanjavur-Tamil Nadu-1948

Calicut-Kozhikode-Kerala-1949

Benares-Varanasi-Uttar Pradesh-1956

Allepey-Alappuzha-Kerala-1957

Panjim-Panaji-Goa-1961

Trichinapoly-Tiruchirapalli-Tamil Nadu- 1971

Baroda-Vadodara-Gujarat-1974

Poona-Pune-Maharashtra-1978

Gauhati-Guwahati-Assam-1983

Waltair-Vishakhapatnam-Andhra Pradesh
-1987

Trivandrum-Thiruvananthapuram-Kerala
-1991

Bombay-Mumbai-Maharashtra-1996

Madras-Chennai-Tamil Nadu-1996

Cochin-Kochi-Kerala-1996

Calcutta-Kolkata-West Bengal-2001

Pondicherry-Puducherry-Union Territory
-2006

Bangalore-Bengaluru-Karnataka-2006

Belgaum-Belagavi-Karnataka-2014

Mysore-Mysuru-Karnataka-2014

Mangalore-Mangaluru-Karnataka-2014

Trichur-Thrissur-Kerala-2014

Tumkur-Tumakaru-Karnataka-2014

Hubali-Hubbali-Karnataka-2014

Bellary-Ballari-Karnataka-2014

Gulbarga-Kalaburagi-Karnataka-2014

Bijapur-Vijapura-Karnataka-2014

Gurgaon-Gurugram-Haryana-2016

Mewat-Nuh-Haryana-2016

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“Clearer policies and investment in the right systems are needed to meet sanitation goals in India.” Discuss

(The government always gives special attention to Swachh Bharat Mission. This attention makes it more important for UPSC. Also, the mission deals with an important issue related to both rural and urban population of India.)

Level of implementation of the Swachh Bharat Mission

It has subsidy-based mass toilet-building programme A government-commissioned survey estimates that the coverage now extends to 62.45% of households, up from 39% in 2014
With the substantial funding available from the Centre, State governments cannot have a convincing reason for a poor record Issues with the implementation

Among the benefited households, nearly 92% of people who have access actually use the toilet
There is data from undivided Andhra Pradesh which shows that household latrines built before the Swachh programme couldn’t be used Why: because many rural households did not have a water source The newer ones may meet the same fate without access to water
Also, Dalit houses tend to have lower coverage which hints at structural difficulties in accessing the scheme positive outcomes of the Mission

The most important outcome is reduced stress for women, who suffer silently in the absence of toilets
There are well-known gains to public health as well performance by different states

According to Centre’s assessment, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and Telangana have particularly failed to upgrade rural sanitation.
While Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Uttarakhand, Haryana and Gujarat have exceeded the goals
Effort by the government: Union Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation has introduced a new district-level ranking It may help the more backward States to bring about infrastructure
The way forward many Indians do not see the waste they generate as their problem, and consider it to be someone else’s responsibility.This attitude of Indians should be changed.

What is a Cess?

Cess is a tax on tax, temporary levied by the govt. to achieve a specific objective. Generally, it is expected to be levied till the time the govt. gets enough money for that purpose.

For instance, the education cess, that is levied currently, is meant to finance basic education in the country.

What is the quantum of revenue generated through Cess?

The education and higher education cesses are budgeted to bring approx. Rs 30,000 crore this year.
The road cess on petroleum is budgeted to net just under Rs 50,000 crore.
There is also a cess on exports, clean energy, etc.
The total amount from cesses is Rs 1.16 lakh crore.

What is the criticism against Cesses?

The problem with cesses is that it becomes permanent in nature.
These levies are back door entry instead of levying taxes.
How Cess is different from Surcharge?

Surcharge is also a tax on tax, which is imposed on incomes above a certain level with a view to reduce the inequalities further.

There is a surcharge of 12% on individuals whose taxable income exceeds Rs. 1 crore.
Similarly, there is also a surcharge of 10% on the domestic companies whose taxable income exceeds Rs.10 crore, and also a surcharge of 5% on the foreign companies whose taxable income exceeds Rs.10 crore.

What is Swachh Bharat Cess?

The resources generated from the cess will be utilised for financing and promoting initiatives towards Swachh Bharat. It is a step towards involving each and every citizen in making contribution to Swachh Bharat.

Govt. has introduced a cess of 0.5% on all services and 2% on air services.
The revenue department is preparing a list of services which will attract the additional 2% cess provided for in the Budget 2015-16, over and above the proposed 14%.
Where does the proceeds of the Swachh Bharat Cess go?

The proceeds of the Swachh Bharat cess would be first credited to the Consolidated Fund of India. The govt. would be able to utilise it after due appropriation is made by Parliament by law. This will later go to Swachh Bharat Kosh.

The Government expects to collect around Rs 10,000 crore from Swachh Bharat cess for full year

Why does it goes against the principle of fiscal federalism?

The central divisible pool excludes levies classified as surcharges and cess for specific purpose.
The entire proceeds would remain with the Centre and need not be compulsorily shared with the states.
Swachh Bharat cess, to some extent, is a vague pretext for a cess, unlike the ones for national highways or high-speed rail corridors, which can be more effectively implemented at the Central level.

What will be the impact of GST on the cess?

There is no input credit available on this cess, which goes against the very principle of the GST and thereby weakens the Centre’s case for pushing through GST.

The cesses and surcharges would be subsumed once the GST is rolled out. So both for tax payers and states, this is for the time being.

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What is floodplain?

A floodplain or flood plain is an area of land adjacent to a stream or river that stretches from the banks of its channel to the base of the enclosing valley walls and experiences flooding during periods of high discharge. The soils usually consist of levees, silts, and sands deposited during floods. Levees are the heaviest materials (usually pebble-size) and they fall in first; silts and sands are finer materials.

What is the Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)?

(1). CAH is an inherited disorder that affects the adrenal glands where the glands cannot produce cortisol and aldosterone, and instead produce an unwanted excess amount of androgens.

(2). A child with CAH lacks enzymes the adrenal glands use to produce hormones that help regulate metabolism, the immune system, blood pressure, and other essential functions.

(3). Parents with children suffering from it often have great difficulty in the upbringing of the child, including treatment, getting school admission and other support issues.

How sea turtles travel in open sea?

The Earth's magnetic field provides a pervasive source of directional information used by phylogenetically diverse marine animals. For these animals, the Earth's field also serves as a source of positional information. For young loggerhead turtles, regional magnetic fields function as navigational markers and elicit changes in swimming direction at crucial geographic boundaries. Older turtles, apparently acquire a “magnetic map” that enables them to use magnetic topography to determine their position relative to specific goals.