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What is MAC address ?

A media access control address (MAC address) of a computer is a unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications at the data link layer of a network segment. MAC addresses are used as a network address for most IEEE 802 network technologies, including Ethernet and Wi-Fi.
A MAC address is given to a network adapter when it is manufactured. It is hardwired or hard-coded onto your computer's network interface card (NIC) and is unique to it. Something called the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) translates an IP address into a MAC address.
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*Economic Times*
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Ø  Sebi to levy fee on P-Notes, bars speculative issuance
Ø  CDSL IPO a mega hit; oversubscribed 170 times
Ø  FIEO sets export target of $325 bn for this fiscal
Ø  Urjit Patel for avoiding premature policy action by RBI
Ø  RBI lifts restriction on foreign investment in IDFC
Ø  Axis Bank eyes raising Rs 35,000 cr for expansion
Ø  India to not lose much with China's entry into MSCI

Business Standard

Ø  Govt sells SUUTI stake in L&T for Rs 4,000 cr
Ø  Sebi allows hedge funds to invest in commodity derivatives
Ø  Reliance Jio's freebies led to 11.7% fall in telecom revenues: Report
Ø  PSUs might not meet public float deadline: Sebi chief
Ø  USFDA audit finds no flaws in Cadila Healthcare Moraiya unit
Ø  Lenders clear Jaiprakash Associates recast plan

Business Line

Ø  Govt asks banks to deposit junked notes at RBI by July 20
Ø  Oil falls as bulls discount OPEC cuts; set for worst H1 since 1997
Ø  SEBI eases norms for acquisition of distressed assets of listed companies
Ø  Hinduja Leyland Finance defers IPO plans
Ø  DIPP forms 6 groups for preparing new industrial policy 
Ø  All states except Jammu and Kashmir pass SGST Bill

Mint

Ø  Bank credit grows at 6.02%, deposits at 11.19%: RBI data
Ø  Five RBI monetary policy committee members voted for status quo: minutes
Ø  GTPL Hathway IPO sees 27% subscription on Day 1
Ø  Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Gates try opposite paths to education tech in India
Ø  Reliance Capital gets NCLT nod for shareholders’ meet on demerger
Ø  NHPC awards 50MW solar project order to L&T

Financial Express

Ø  World Bank sanctions 44 million dollars for ASPIRe
Ø  India seeks Russian firms’ support in defence manufacturing: Arun Jaitley
Ø  Tech Mahindra unit to sell LLC Pakistan stake for $5.2 mn
Ø  Non-coal blocks auction: Mines ministry plans bids for FY 18

Financial Chronicle

Ø  US announces $ 7.5 million to advance India’s power grid
Ø  GSTN appoints Teamwork Communications as official PR agency
Ø  'Digital commerce in India to reach Rs 2.20 lakh cr by Dec'
Ø  Rupee falls for 2nd session, slips 3 paise to 64.52
Ø  Retailers need to file single GST return every month: Adhia

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Prohibition of discrimination against HIV positive persons: The Bill lists the various grounds on which discrimination against HIV positive persons and those living with them is prohibited.  These include the denial, termination, discontinuation or unfair treatment with regard to: (i) employment, (ii) educational establishments, (iii) health care services, (iv) residing or renting property, (v) standing for public or private office, and (vi) provision of insurance (unless based on actuarial studies). 

The requirement for HIV testing as a pre-requisite for obtaining employment or accessing health care or education is also prohibited. Every HIV infected or affected person below the age of 18 years has the right to reside in a shared household and enjoy the facilities of the household.  The Bill also prohibits any individual from publishing information or advocating feelings of hatred against HIV positive persons and those living with them.

Informed consent and disclosure of HIV status: The Bill requires that no HIV test, medical treatment, or research will be conducted on a person without his informed consent.  No person shall be compelled to disclose his HIV status except with his informed consent, and if required by a court order. Informed consent for an HIV test will not be required in case of screening by any licensed blood bank, a court order, medical research, and epidemiological purposes where the HIV test is anonymous and not meant to determine the HIV status of a person.  Establishments keeping records of information of HIV positive persons shall adopt data protection measures.
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Draft Fugitive economic offenders bill 2017:


Key features of the draft Bill include:

A fugitive economic offender has been defined as a person against whom an arrest warrant has been issued and he: (i) has left the country, or (ii) refuses to come back to the country.

An application may be filed before a Special Court (designated under Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002) to declare an individual a fugitive economic offender. The individual’s property may be provisionally attached for a period of 180 days.

If the person is declared an offender, his property will be confiscated. An Insolvency Professional under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 will be appointed to dispose the property and distribute the proceeds amongst the offenders’ creditors.

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The problems associated with the GM crops and they can be tackled. Important for Mains Paper 3

News

Context

The article is about the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) which had recently cleared GM mustard for commercial productionWriter discusses about the relevance of GM Crops in Indian context

Reasons behind the opposition of GM Crops
First

One of the principal reasons for opposition to GM crops is the potential for serious, irreversible damage to human health and the environment This is especially relevant in the context of crops such as Bt brinjal which involve direct consumption by humans, unlike Bt cotton

Second

The precautionary principle for regulatory decision-making and a lack of trust in government and industry that promotes and benefits from GM technologies.

Third

All the safety tests for regulatory approvals are typically conducted by the same party that applies for commercialisation of GM cropsFor Example, Mahyco on Bt brinjal or Delhi University on GM mustard

Fourth

Conflict of interest was made worse by the refusal of GEAC to publicly release the safety testing data submitted for regulatory approval This tendency to operate in secrecy has not only created a serious distrust of the government and the promoters of GM crops but is also fuelling the conflict

The Way forward

Extensive research on GM crops will identify trust in regulatory agencies and industry as being a critical factor in public willingness to accept GM technologyThe government should adopt a participatory approach to bring together all stakeholders to develop regulatory protocols that restore trust in the processThe burden of proof(that GM crops are not harmful) lies with the promoters of GM technology to persuade consumers, farmers and activists that among various alternatives available for sustainable food production.
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In your opinion, what lessons should public servants and citizens should learn from the recent Supreme Court judgement in the State Of Karnataka vs. Selvi J.Jayalalithaa & Others case? Critically examine. (200 Words)

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http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/The-long-and-winding-road-to-justice/article17302639.ece

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Latest amendment to the section 132 of IT act

Tax authority will not have to disclose to any person or any authority or the Appellate Tribunal why it has “reason to believe” that there is a basis for conducting a search and seizure operation.

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Enumerate the problems faced by the Indian security forces in securing our border with Pakistan. Is complete sealing of the India-Pakistan border the solution to these problems? Comment in light of the recommendations of the Madhukar Gupta Committee.

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What are Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API)? Discuss the need to bring about self-sufficiency in the field of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API). Also, mention the steps being taken in order to reduce the dependency on imports for achieving zero dependent manufacturing.

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How Glass is made ?

Glass is made by melting together several minerals at very high temperatures. Silica in the form of sand is the main ingredient and this is combined with soda ash and limestone and melted in a furnace at temperatures of 1700°C. Other materials can be added to produce different colours or properties.

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How does the baby breathe in uterus?

A baby does not need to breathe in the uterus. Everything that it needs for it's growth is provided to it by its supply line: the umbilical cord. This cord connect the blood circulation of child with mother. The foetus gets nutrition and oxygen through the umbilical cord. The waste products of the foetus are thrown out into the blood circulation of mother and are excreted by mother. After the birth of the baby, the umbilical cord is no longer required and cut off.

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The al-Nuri mosque, which is also known as Mosul’s Great Mosque, is where IS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi declared a ‘Islamic Caliphate’ in 2014 shortly after Mosul was overrun by the militants. The minaret, called al-Hadba, which had a leaning look like that of Italy’s Tower of Pisa had stood for more than 840 years

The 1999 Odisha cyclone, also known as Cyclone 05B

The Narendra Modi government has taken the first step towards a major electoral reform, reversing its stance on a longstanding demand of the Election Commission of India to grant it permanent powers to cancel elections on grounds of political parties or candidates bribing voters

Centre has started circulating a draft amendment to the law to the states, seeking their views on the matter. The proposal involves amendment to Section 58 (A) of the Representation of People Act, 1951, along with introduction of a new section, 58 (B).

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The section 126 of RPA currently prohibits publication of ads by political parties in electronic media (TV, radio) and recently added social media, 48 hours before voting ends. The ECI wants print media to be included in Section 126 of the RP Act.  Disqualification of a candidate from contesting elections if a court has framed charges against him. Currently a candidate is disqualified if convicted for crime bearing sentence more than 2 years.  ECI wants bribery during election season as cognizable offence.  ECI also supports making paid news an electoral offence punishable by two years of imprisonment.  VOTING PROCEDURE  ECI seeks to introduce totaliser machines for counting of votes.  Multiple cut-off dates for voter registration.

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The status of farmers differs across the country. For instance, in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and parts of Maharashtra, inadequate rains, and lower prices have weakened farmers’capacity to repay loans.

The same cannot be said to be the case in Madhya Pradesh where agriculture is a success story of recent years. The annual average growth rate of agriculture in the last five years has been a spectacular 14 per cent.

Rural infrastructure, road connectivity, marketing reforms and easy credit have combined to encourage growers in MP to produce more. Diversification from cereals to high-value horticulture crops has also meant improved incomes.

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From a medium-to-long-term perspective, it is vital to step up policy support, investment support and research support for agriculture.

Some of the important steps to revive agriculture include:

• Strengthening the input delivery system

• Rapidly expanding irrigation facilities

• Investing farming with multiple technologies

• Investing in rural infrastructure

• Using ICT to deliver price, market and weather information to growers

• And last but not the least, work to build capacity among farmers to withstand market volatility as integration with the global market grows.

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⚡️ South China Sea Dispute: China Launches Research Project to Compile Data on Disputed Region.

China has launched a research project aimed at compiling historical data obtained during earlier expeditions conducted by its teams to the disputed South China Sea since the late 1950s.

Salient Highlights

The research project is one among the 14 resource investigation programmes approved by China’s Ministry of Science and Technology.

Under the project, Chinese researchers will collect and compile valuable data and materials which were obtained by China during its major ocean expeditions to the South China Sea and its affiliated islands and reefs. China expects that a comparative analysis and research done into the data will offer insight into the resources, environment and changes related to the South China Sea and its affiliated islands and reefs.

Around 193 scholars with specialisation in fields such as marine life, ecology, fishery and geology from China’s 10 domestic research institutions and universities will take part in the initiative. Retired expedition members would also be invited to assist in this programme to ensure the reliability and precision of the data.

South China Sea Dispute

China has been aggressively claiming the entire South China Sea as its own. The other countries that claim the various territories in the South China Sea are Taiwan, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei.
The South China Sea is part of Pacific Ocean spreading an area of some 35 lakh square km with eight littoral countries/territories viz. China, Taiwan, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Singapore and Vietnam. It is strategically located in the international shipping route that sees the passage of world’s half of the merchant ships. The sea is rich in energy reserves including petroleum, mineral and fishing resources. It is made of some 200 tiny islands, coral reefs, shoals, sandbanks etc. grouped into three archipelagos of Spratlys, Paracels and Pratas. The Macclesfield Bank and Scarborough Shoal are also part of South China Sea. Several countries have made competing territorial claims over the South China Sea. Such disputes have been regarded as Asia’s most potentially dangerous point of conflict.
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What is Geo Thermal Energy ?

Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. It's clean and sustainable. Resources of geothermal energyrange from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma.

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What is an OLED screen?

An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric current. An OLED display can be driven with a passive-matrix (PMOLED) or active-matrix (AMOLED) control scheme.

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What is Carbon Footprint ?

A carbon footprint is defined as: The total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide (CO2).
Typically, a carbon footprint is calculated by estimating not just the CO2 emissions that the activity in question causes, but also any emissions of other greenhouse gases (such as methane and nitrous oxide) and in some cases other types of climate impacts as well, such as vapour trails from aeroplanes.

👨‍⚖Eminent Personalities of Ancient India
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👉Alexander : he was the ruler of Macedonia in Greece. He attacked India in 326 BC and captured upto river Bias.

👉Ajatasatru : Son of Bimbisara. He established the city of Pataliputra.

👉Arien : Greek historian who wrote about Alexander’s Indian invasion.

👉Ashwaghosh : Buddhist monk who initiated Kaniskha to Buddhism wrote Buddha charita, Sutralankar and Sandaranand.

👉AmarSimha : Sanskrit scholar in the court of Chandragupta who wrote "Amarakosha".

👉Aryabhatta : He analysed the reasons for Solar and Lunar eclipses and declared that the Earth is round. Wrote Aryabhattiyam.

👉Bimbisar : Founded the M 8agadhan Empire or Haryanka dynasty. He was the first influential king of ancient India.

👉Banabhatta : Court poet of Harshavardhana and author of Harsha Charita and Kadambari.

👉Charak : He was an Ayurvedic expert wrote Charak-Samhita and established the Aitereya branch of Ayurvedic medicines.

👉Amoghavarsha : He was a famous Rashtrakuta ruler.

👉Dhanananda : He was a powerful king of Magadha. Alexander did not go forward to invade Magadha only after hearing his reputation.

👉Darius I : The ruler of Iran (Persia) who invaded India in 6th century BC.

👉Gautami Putra Shatakarni : He was the mostfamous Satavahana king in 2nd Century.

👉Harisena : He was the writer of Pryaga Prashasti or Allahabad Pillar Inscription.

👉Kharavel : Ruler of Kalinga in I century AD. The Famous Hathigumbha inscription belonged to him.

👉Kanishka : (I century AD) : Most powerful Kushan king. Started Shaka Era. Organised fourth Buddhist council at Kundalvan near Kashmir.

👉Karikala : Chola ruler who founded the city of Puhar (Kaveri patanam) in I century BC.

👉Kautilya : also known as Vishnugupta or Chanakya. He wrote Arthasasthra, which is compared to ‘The prince’ of Machiavelli.

👉Kalidas : Famous Sanskrit poet who wrote, Raghuvamsa, Kumara Sambhavam, Abhigyana Shakuntalam, Vikramorvashiyam and Malavikagnimitram. He also wrote Meghadootam and Ritusamharam.

👉Kamban : A Tamil poet of 11th century who wrote Ramayan in Tamil.

👉Mihir Bhoja : Famous Prathihara ruler of 9th century.

👉Kalhana – Famous Kashmiri poet and historian.He wrote Raja Tarangini.

👉Marco Polo : Venitian Traveller to India in 13thcentury.

👉Menander : He came to India as a foreign aggressor in II Century BC. MilindaPanho, a book written by Nagasena, is about him.

👉Nagarjuna : Famous Buddhist monk. He popounded the philosophy known as Madhyamika.

👉Makkali Gosala : Philosopher of 6th Century BC. He was the founder of Ajivika sect.

👉Mihirkula : Huna conqueror defeated by Yashodharma.

👉Skand Gupt : Last mighty Gupta ruler.

👉Shushrut : He was a doctor of Ayurvedic medicine. He started the Dhanwantri branch and was an expert in Plastic Surgery.

👉Pulikeshin II. Most powerful king of Chalukyas of Vatapi who defeated Harshavardhana in North and Mahendravarman of South.

👉Pushya Mitra sunga : He killed the last Mauryan ruler and laid the foundation of Sunga dynasty in 185 BC.

👉Pliny : He was a Roman historian who wrote the Natural History. He wrote about the Mauryas of India.

👉Panini : Sanskrit scholar specially of Grammar. He wrote Ashtadyayi.

👉Varahamihira : He was famous astronomer who wrote Brihat Samhita.

👉Sankaracharya : He was born in Kaladi in Kerala. He propagated Advaita Philosophy.

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What is Bio-Grid ?

BioGRID is an online biological interaction repository with data compiled through comprehensive curation efforts. Protein Interactions, Genetic Interactions, Chemical Interactions, Post-Translational Modifications.
Data release frequency‎: ‎Monthly (4 Weeks)
Data format‎: ‎Custom flat files, PSI-MI, MITAB.
Organisms‎: ‎All.
Primary citation‎: ‎Stark & al. (2006)