UPSC GS-2 Main's Exam☝️
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https://youtu.be/BBzYstGYd-U
Explaination in Tamil

Karpathu IAS: TRICKS TO REMEMBER FOR TNPSC

What does Termite do?

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Termites are detritivores, or detritus feeders. They feed on dead plants and trees. Termites get nutrients from cellulose, an organic fiber found in wood and plant matter. Wood makes up the majority of the pests' diet, although termites also eat other materials such as paper, plastic, and drywall.

What is Wanna Cry?

A global cyber attack has been underway , affecting more than 200,000 organisations in 150 countries. In the UK, the major assault hit 47 NHS trusts, leading to operations being cancelled and patients turned away from A&E.
The "WannaCry" ransomware appears to have used a flaw in Microsoft's software, discovered by the National Security Agency and leaked by hackers, to spread rapidly across networks locking away files. 
A security expert managed to stop the attack by triggering a "kill switch" on Saturday but it has continued to wreak havoc. 
Ransomware, which demands payment after launching a cyber attack, has become a rising trend among hackers looking for a quick payout. 

What is Aquila?

Facebook has revealed its first full-scale drone, which it plans to use to provide internet access in remote parts of the world.
Code-named “Aquila”, the solar-powered drone will be able to fly without landing for three months at a time, using a laser to beam data to a base station on the ground.
The company plans to use a linked network of the drones to provide internet access to large rural areas. However, as with its Internet.org project, Facebook will not be dealing with customers directly, instead partnering with local ISPs to offer the services.
Jay Parikh, Facebook’s vice-president of engineering, said: “Our mission is to connect everybody in the world. This is going to be a great opportunity for us to motivate the industry to move faster on this technology.

Karpathu IAS: TRICKS TO REMEMBER FOR TNPSC

Approvals now come with PAN and TAN

At the Centre, several departments — from commerce to customs and corporate affairs —were nudged into reworking processes to reduce the number of forms that are required and significantly cut down the time needed for clearance. For instance, an entrepreneur can now select a name and register a firm within a few hours — something that took up to three weeks earlier. Approvals now come with PAN and TAN.

India's 2014 GHI rank of 55 and 2014 GHI score of 17.8, as published in the 2014 GHI report, are not comparable to the 2017 GHI rank of 100 and corresponding GHI score of 31.4. Concluding from this comparison that India slipped 45 places in the GHI ranking is not only erroneous but also a gross misrepresentation of facts.
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வருங்கால tnpsc நிலை என்ன...?
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GROUP- IV + VAO =CCSE GROUP 4 EXAM*
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Bad loans:

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Bad loans — or non-performing assets (NPAs) — were 9% of total loans of all Indian banks in September 2016 At public sector banks (PSBs), bad loans were 12% of all advancesAnother 3% of loans in the aggregate (and 4% at PSBs) have been restructuredThe Economic Survey (2016-17) quotes market analysts as saying that 4-5% of loans are bad loans that have not been recognised as suchThus, total stressed assets — NPAs, restructured loans and unrecognised bad loans — would amount to a staggering 16% of all loans and nearly 20% of loans at PSBs

The lending boom:

Today’s bad loan problem has arisen from the lending boom that India’s banks embarked on in the period 2004-08, a period that saw economic growth reach the 9-10% rangeHowever, that by itself did not create a problem of the current magnitudeNPAs, which are 9% of all loans today, were only half that level a year beforeIt is the failure to resolve the bad loan problem over the past several years that has exacerbated the problem

Solution to bad loans:

The best solution to a bad loan problem is to simply grow your way out of it. This can happen in two waysOne, banks keep financing projects that are not making repayments in full and would qualify as NPAsThey do so in the hope that, once growth revives, cash flows in the projects will improveTwo, banks grow their loan portfolio at a brisk rateAs the denominator in the ratio of bad loans to total loans grows, the bad loan problem automatically diminishes in significanceThat’s how India’s banking sector came out of the bad loan problem in the early 2000sRapid growth in the world economy and the Indian economy provided a painless solution

Why isn’t the economy reviving this time?

The “financing” strategy of continuing to make loans to unviable projects has come unstuckSerious policy errors have compounded the problemThe big policy error was the belief among policymakers that bad governance, bad management and even corruption at PSBs were primarily responsible for the problemA committee appointed by the RBI and headed by P.J. Nayak argued as much in a report it submitted in late 2014

Nayak Committee:

The committee seemed to think that majority government ownership of PSBs was the root cause of the bad loan problem as it meant political and bureaucratic interference with commercial decisionsSuch an inference, which has been duly echoed by the media, is patently incorrectAs the Economic Survey of 2016-17 point outs, the bad loan problem is “an economic problem, not a morality play… the vast bulk of the problem has been caused by unexpected changes in the economic environment: timetables, exchange rates, and growth rate assumptions going wrong”In other words, factors extraneous to bank management and governance are primarily responsible for the problem

Plodding towards a solution:

Majority ownership by the government is the primary cause you would focus on reducing government ownership in banks to below 50%The government appointed a Bank Board Bureau (BBB) as suggested by the Nayak committee and tasked it with appointing Chairmen and Managing Directors of PSBsThe BBB was also assigned the role of advising banks on restructuring and raising capitalVery few top appointments have happened. The bad loan problem and recapitalisation of PSBs remain unaddressedThe government cannot distance itself from key decisions on PSBs while being accountable for their performanceCreating the BBB has only added another layer to decision-making and slowed it down

Empowerment and oversight:

There is clarity now that banks must be empowered to resolve the relatively small number of bad loans that account for a big chunk of the total in terms of valueIn many cases, this would mean that banks write off a portion of the loans owed to themManagements at PSBs have been reluctant to do so for fear of inviting action from the Chief Vigilance Commissioner, the Comptroller and Auditor General, the Central Bureau of Investigation and other bodiesThe BBB has constituted a two-person oversight committee bu

t reports suggest

that the committee will not take a view on write-offsWe need a larger oversight committee or, as the Finance Ministry has proposed, multiple oversight committees to speedily vet loan write-offsIt makes sense to constitute a Loan Resolution Authority by an Act of ParliamentBanks must develop the discipline of keeping thorough minutes of the proceedings related to resolution of bad loansThe rationale for particular decisions along with the pros and cons must be properly articulated. This will serve to give bank management a measure of protection

Role of the government:

The government must provide adequate capital to the banks to cover write-offs and also facilitate fresh loan growthIt must end the delays in appointing Chairmen and Managing Directors of various PSBsIt must also revamp the boards of PSBs by bringing in independent directors of high quality.

The way forward:

Three things need attention First, reforms to simplify procedures, speed up the delivery system and enlarge competition must be pursued vigorouslySome significant steps have been taken in this regard in recent years such as moving forward on the GST Bill, passing of the Bankruptcy Act, and enlarging the scope of foreign direct investmentSecond, all viable “stalled” projects must be brought to completionThird, financial bottlenecks need to be cleared. The banking system is under stress. The non-performing loans of the system have risen and are rising. This has squeezed the profitability of banks with some showing lossMore distressing is the minimal flow of new credit. The problem is often referred to as the twin balance sheet problemIf corporate balance sheets are weak, automatically the banks’ balance sheets also become weakAt least some part of the accumulation of bad debts has been due to the slowdown of the economy. The old saying is “bad loans are sown in good times”Asset restructuring companies are part of the solution.

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Why does Aspirin help during a Heart Attack?

Platelets are cells that clump together and help to form blood clots. Aspirin keeps platelets from clumping together, thus helping to prevent or reduce blood clots. During a heart attack. Blood clots form in an already-narrowed artery and block the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

Why does Hot water cool more faster than Cold water?

The cooling rate of water or any other substance depends on the temperature difference between the object and the atmosphere. Greater the temperature difference, faster the rate of cooling. Well, to understand this better, take the case of two interconnected beakers, one with medium water level and the other with small water level. Water flows. But, if the water level is very high in the beaker, water flows even faster. This cooling phenomenon was discovered by Sir Isaac Newton, and is popularly known as Newton's law of cooling.

What is Retinal scanning?

The human retina is a thin tissue composed of neuralcells that is located in the posterior portion of the eye. Because of the complex structure of the capillaries that supply the retina with blood, each person’s retina is unique. The network of blood vessels in the retina is so complex that even identical twins do not share a similar pattern. Although retinal patterns may be altered in cases of diabetes, glaucoma or retinal degenerative disorders, the retina typically remains unchanged from birth until death.
A biometric identifier known as a retinal scan is used to map the unique patterns of a person’s retina. The blood vessels within the retina absorb light more readily than the surrounding tissue and are easily identified with appropriate lighting. A retinal scan is performed by casting an unperceived beam of low-energy infrared light into a person’s eye as they look through the scanner’s eyepiece. This beam of light traces a standardized path on the retina. Because retinal blood vessels are more absorbent of this light than the rest of the eye, the amount of reflection varies during the scan. The pattern of variations is converted to computer code and stored in a database.

What are seeds, peers, trackers, pieces in uTorrent?

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Torrents are peer-to-peer file transfer protocol. That means, there is no central source for the files, people download files which are being uploaded by others (in real time).
Seeds: Number of peers who have already downloaded the files, and are currently uploading them.
Peers (or Leechers): A leecher is any peer that does not have the entire file and is downloading the file.
Trackers: A tracker is a server that keeps track of which seeds and peers are in the swarm (swarm: all peers sharing a torrent - uploading or downloading).
Pieces: This refers to the torrented files being divided up into equal specific sized pieces (e.g., 64kB, 128kB, 512kB, 1MB, 2MB or 4MB). The pieces are distributed in a random fashion among peers in order to optimize trading efficiency.

What country has the highest number of spoken languages in the world?
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Papua New Guinea has the highest number of spoken languages in the world. There are 820 indigenous languages spoken in this country. The official language is Tok Pisin, or New Guinea Pidgin, and is the most widely spoken language after English, a legacy of the colonial period.

Constitution of the Prime Minister economic advisory council (PMEAC)

It is constituted to provide sound policy advice in key areas such as reviving economic growth and creating enabling conditions for gainful employment

The chairman and member secretary of the PMEAC remain associated with NITI Aayog in their old capacities, thus providing critical synergy between the two organizations

Other institutions providing advice to government

Along with NITI Aayog, the office of the chief economic adviser (CEA) is dedicated to providing expert policy advice to the government

In addition, the government receives policy-related suggestions from stakeholders such as bureaucrats, industry, consumer groups, think tanks, academia, media, experts, etc.

Concern regarding the PMEAC

Concerns are being raised about the contribution that the PMEAC can make in the already overcrowded space of providing policy advice to the government

Representation of specific interest groups

It is true that different stakeholders within and outside the government provide policy advice to the government

However, more often than not, each of these stakeholders directly or indirectly represent a specific interest group

Policy decisions cannot be based on the interests of a particular group, and must take into account diverging interests of stakeholders, which often appear to be in conflict

Such an approach will require independent astute understanding of the interlinkages between the interests of different stakeholder groups

How can PMEAC counter issue related to specific interest groups?

Given its internal expertise, positioning, and direct access to the PM, the PMEAC is best placed to adopt a systems approach to provide non-partisan policy advice

But if it contained public policy experts, it could be richer in its advice

NITI Aayog, CEA and the PMEAC

A closer look at the functions of the CEA and NITI Aayog points to a niche which the PMEAC can create for itself, without any overlap or the need to reinvent the wheel

Armed with data analysis from the CEA, and an understanding of the implementation capabilities of government departments and state governments from NITI Aayog, the PMEAC will be in a position to adopt a whole-of-government approach to provide policy advice to the PM

Expectations from the PMEAC

The PMEAC must recognize that policy advice at the highest level is a difficult task

It not only requires expertise in core economic areas, but also an excellent understanding of social and political considerations and available implementation capabilities

In other words, the PMEAC is expected to take into account socio-political and bureaucratic constraints while providing top-notch policy advice

Therefore the need to include public policy experts in the council who have a sound understanding of policy design and implementation challenges

The way forward

The direct access to the office of the PM puts the PMEAC in an enviable position to provide practical advice, and witnessing its implementation

The members of the PMEAC have the necessary skill set and experience to make the most of this opportunity and contribute to the country’s economic growth revival story

This unique opportunity must not be missed