Why we hear humming sound when standing below high tension powerline?
Transformers are a different story, but with just high-voltage (generally >350kV) wires the standard explanation is corona discharge.
In the air occasionally some gas molecules will become ionized. This means that the molecule gains or loses and electron. This can happen through chemical reactions, but it's generally more likely that UV light knock an electron off. An electrical field doesn't really affect uncharged molecules, but it does affect ions. The positively charged ions are relatively heavy, so move slowly, but the free electrons are very light so they get pushed away very quickly. These fast moving electrons bump other molecules and can knock more electrons free. In addition to moving ions, this can cause a slight glow (when an electron recombines with a positive ion), and heats the air which causes noise.
A negatively charged wire will attract positively charged ions, are push away the free electrons (or any negative charged ions), while a positively charged wire will do the opposite. In a power line carrying AC current, the charge on the wire alternates between positive and negative (with some time in between where it isn't enough charge to matter). The result is that the air gets briefly heated 120 times per second, which makes a hum.
If the wire is smaller, then the electric field near the wire is stronger, so one of the reasons high voltage wires are as large as they are is to reduce this effect.
Transformers are a different story, but with just high-voltage (generally >350kV) wires the standard explanation is corona discharge.
In the air occasionally some gas molecules will become ionized. This means that the molecule gains or loses and electron. This can happen through chemical reactions, but it's generally more likely that UV light knock an electron off. An electrical field doesn't really affect uncharged molecules, but it does affect ions. The positively charged ions are relatively heavy, so move slowly, but the free electrons are very light so they get pushed away very quickly. These fast moving electrons bump other molecules and can knock more electrons free. In addition to moving ions, this can cause a slight glow (when an electron recombines with a positive ion), and heats the air which causes noise.
A negatively charged wire will attract positively charged ions, are push away the free electrons (or any negative charged ions), while a positively charged wire will do the opposite. In a power line carrying AC current, the charge on the wire alternates between positive and negative (with some time in between where it isn't enough charge to matter). The result is that the air gets briefly heated 120 times per second, which makes a hum.
If the wire is smaller, then the electric field near the wire is stronger, so one of the reasons high voltage wires are as large as they are is to reduce this effect.
Why do we lose our sense of taste when we have a cold?
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Our sense of smell is responsible for about 80%of what we taste. The tastebuds present on our tongues are limited to only the basic sensations: sweet, salty, sour and bitter. All other flavors that we experience come from smell. This is why, when our nose is blocked, as by cold, most foods seem bland or tasteless. Our sense of smell can normally detect up to 10,000 smells.
What is deepest point on earth?
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The Kola Super deep Borehole Russia ,is the result of a scientific drilling project of the Soviet Union in the Pechengsky District, on the Kola Peninsula. The project attempted to drill as deep as possible into the Earth's crust. Drilling began on 24 May 1970. Boreholes were drilled by branching from a central hole. The deepest, SG-3, reached 12,262 metres (40,230 ft) in 1989 and still is the deepest artificial point on Earth. The borehole is 9 inches (23 cm) in diameter.
What is Pellet Gun?
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A pellet is a non-spherical projectile designed to be fired from an air gun. Air gun pellets differ from bullets and shot used in firearms because of the pressures encountered: airguns operate at pressures as low as 50 atmospheres, while firearms operate at thousands of atmospheres.
Wood pellets are the most common type of pellet fuel and are generally made from compacted sawdust and related industrial wastes from the milling of lumber, manufacture of wood products and furniture, and construction.
@UPSC_18
Our sense of smell is responsible for about 80%of what we taste. The tastebuds present on our tongues are limited to only the basic sensations: sweet, salty, sour and bitter. All other flavors that we experience come from smell. This is why, when our nose is blocked, as by cold, most foods seem bland or tasteless. Our sense of smell can normally detect up to 10,000 smells.
What is deepest point on earth?
@UPSC_2018
The Kola Super deep Borehole Russia ,is the result of a scientific drilling project of the Soviet Union in the Pechengsky District, on the Kola Peninsula. The project attempted to drill as deep as possible into the Earth's crust. Drilling began on 24 May 1970. Boreholes were drilled by branching from a central hole. The deepest, SG-3, reached 12,262 metres (40,230 ft) in 1989 and still is the deepest artificial point on Earth. The borehole is 9 inches (23 cm) in diameter.
What is Pellet Gun?
https://karpathuias.blogspot.in
A pellet is a non-spherical projectile designed to be fired from an air gun. Air gun pellets differ from bullets and shot used in firearms because of the pressures encountered: airguns operate at pressures as low as 50 atmospheres, while firearms operate at thousands of atmospheres.
Wood pellets are the most common type of pellet fuel and are generally made from compacted sawdust and related industrial wastes from the milling of lumber, manufacture of wood products and furniture, and construction.
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What is Pixel?
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The pixel (a word invented from "picture element") is the basic unit of programmable color on a computer display or in a computer image. Think of it as a logical - rather than a physical - unit. The physical size of a pixel depends on how you've set the resolution for the display screen. If you've set the display to its maximum resolution, the physical size of a pixel will equal the physical size of the dot pitch (let's just call it the dot size) of the display. If, however, you've set the resolution to something less than the maximum resolution, a pixel will be larger than the physical size of the screen's dot (that is, a pixel will use more than one dot).
The specific color that a pixel describes is some blend of three components of the color spectrum - RGB. Up to three bytes of data are allocated for specifying a pixel's color, one byte for each major color component. A true color or 24-bit color system uses all three bytes. However, many color display systems use only one byte (limiting the display to 256 different colors).
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What's the difference between hacking and cracking?
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The difference is that a hacker is someone that uses their extensive knowledge of computer logic and code for malicious purposes, while a cracker - looks for back doors in programs, and exploits those back doors. Cracking is generally less harmful than hacking. Hackers are usually involved with web related hacking, like MySQL interception, or phishing, other forms of hacking would include things like brute force, or password lifting.
#KARPATHUIAS
The pixel (a word invented from "picture element") is the basic unit of programmable color on a computer display or in a computer image. Think of it as a logical - rather than a physical - unit. The physical size of a pixel depends on how you've set the resolution for the display screen. If you've set the display to its maximum resolution, the physical size of a pixel will equal the physical size of the dot pitch (let's just call it the dot size) of the display. If, however, you've set the resolution to something less than the maximum resolution, a pixel will be larger than the physical size of the screen's dot (that is, a pixel will use more than one dot).
The specific color that a pixel describes is some blend of three components of the color spectrum - RGB. Up to three bytes of data are allocated for specifying a pixel's color, one byte for each major color component. A true color or 24-bit color system uses all three bytes. However, many color display systems use only one byte (limiting the display to 256 different colors).
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What's the difference between hacking and cracking?
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https://karpathuias.blogspot.in
The difference is that a hacker is someone that uses their extensive knowledge of computer logic and code for malicious purposes, while a cracker - looks for back doors in programs, and exploits those back doors. Cracking is generally less harmful than hacking. Hackers are usually involved with web related hacking, like MySQL interception, or phishing, other forms of hacking would include things like brute force, or password lifting.
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What is Kuipter Belt?
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The Kuiper Belt is a collection of bodies outside the orbit of Neptune that, if nothing else had happened, if Neptune hadn’t formed or if things had gone a little bit better, maybe they could have gotten together themselves and formed the next planet out beyond Neptune. But instead, in the history of the solar system, when Neptune formed it led to these objects not being able to get together, so it’s just this belt of material out beyond Neptune.
What rock floats on water?
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Pumice varies in density according to the thickness of the solid material between the bubbles; many samples float in water. After the explosion of Krakatoa, rafts of pumice drifted through the Pacific Ocean for up to 20 years, with tree trunks floating among them.
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What is a Mirage?
A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. The word comes to English via the French Mirage, from the Latin mirari, meaning "to look at, to wonder at". This is the same root as for "mirror" and "to admire".
You might think you are hallucinating when traveling on a hot afternoon, but mirages are a naturally-occurring optical illusion in contrast to visual hallucination. It can equally be captured on a camera.
https://karpathuias.blogspot.in
The Kuiper Belt is a collection of bodies outside the orbit of Neptune that, if nothing else had happened, if Neptune hadn’t formed or if things had gone a little bit better, maybe they could have gotten together themselves and formed the next planet out beyond Neptune. But instead, in the history of the solar system, when Neptune formed it led to these objects not being able to get together, so it’s just this belt of material out beyond Neptune.
What rock floats on water?
#KARPATHUIAS
Pumice varies in density according to the thickness of the solid material between the bubbles; many samples float in water. After the explosion of Krakatoa, rafts of pumice drifted through the Pacific Ocean for up to 20 years, with tree trunks floating among them.
#KARPATHUIAS
What is a Mirage?
A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. The word comes to English via the French Mirage, from the Latin mirari, meaning "to look at, to wonder at". This is the same root as for "mirror" and "to admire".
You might think you are hallucinating when traveling on a hot afternoon, but mirages are a naturally-occurring optical illusion in contrast to visual hallucination. It can equally be captured on a camera.
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Important Committees and Commissions in India
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Committees Area of Work
Butler Committee Relation between Indian states & paramount power
Hurtog Committee Growth of British India education -its effects
Muddiman Committee Working of Diarchy as in Montague Chelmsford reforms
Malhotra Committee Insurance Reforms
Janaki Ram Committee Security Scam
Ajay Vikram Singh Committee Faster promotions in Army
Rajinder Sachar Committee 1 Companies and MRPT Act
Rajindar Sachar Committee 2 Report on the social, economic and educational status of the Muslims of India.
Jyoti Basu Committee Report on Octroi abolition.
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee Recommendations on decentralization system
Sawant Committee Enquiry on corruption, charges against ministers & Anna Hazare
Chelliah Committee Eradicating black money
Wanchoo Committee Tax enquiry
Bhanu Pratap Singh Committee Agriculture
Agarwal Committee Nepotism in granting petrol pump, LPG connections
Rangarajan Committee Reforms in private sector
Naresh Chandra Committee Corporate governance
Chakravarti Committee Banking sector reforms
Rekhi Committee Structure of indirect taxation
G.V.Ramakrishna Committee Disinvestment in PSU shares
Kelkar Committee 1 First committee on backward castes
P.C.Hotha Committee Restructuring of civil services
Justice B.N.Kirpal Committee 1st chairman National Forest Commission
Godbole Committee Enron Power Project
J.C.Kumarappa Committee Congress agrarian Reforms Committee
Swaminathan Committee Population policy
Rangaraju Committee Statistics
Wardha Committee Inquiry on murder of Graham Staines
Vohra Committee Criminalization of politics
Kelkar Committee 2 Direct – Indirect Taxes
Alagh Committee Civil Service Examinations
Abid Hussain Committee Recommendations on Small scale industries
Narasimham Committee Banking sector reforms
Chelliah Committee Tax reforms
Mashelkar Committee National Auto Fuel Policy
Boothalingam Committee Recommendations on integrated wages, income and price policy.
Omkar Goswami Committee Industrial sickness
Yashpal Committee Review of School Education system
Ram Nandan Prasad Committee Constitution of creamy layers among Backward Castes.
Kelkar Committee 3 Enquiry on Kargil defense deals.
Saharya Committee Tehelka tapes.
#KARPATHUIAS
@UPSC_2018
Committees Area of Work
Butler Committee Relation between Indian states & paramount power
Hurtog Committee Growth of British India education -its effects
Muddiman Committee Working of Diarchy as in Montague Chelmsford reforms
Malhotra Committee Insurance Reforms
Janaki Ram Committee Security Scam
Ajay Vikram Singh Committee Faster promotions in Army
Rajinder Sachar Committee 1 Companies and MRPT Act
Rajindar Sachar Committee 2 Report on the social, economic and educational status of the Muslims of India.
Jyoti Basu Committee Report on Octroi abolition.
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee Recommendations on decentralization system
Sawant Committee Enquiry on corruption, charges against ministers & Anna Hazare
Chelliah Committee Eradicating black money
Wanchoo Committee Tax enquiry
Bhanu Pratap Singh Committee Agriculture
Agarwal Committee Nepotism in granting petrol pump, LPG connections
Rangarajan Committee Reforms in private sector
Naresh Chandra Committee Corporate governance
Chakravarti Committee Banking sector reforms
Rekhi Committee Structure of indirect taxation
G.V.Ramakrishna Committee Disinvestment in PSU shares
Kelkar Committee 1 First committee on backward castes
P.C.Hotha Committee Restructuring of civil services
Justice B.N.Kirpal Committee 1st chairman National Forest Commission
Godbole Committee Enron Power Project
J.C.Kumarappa Committee Congress agrarian Reforms Committee
Swaminathan Committee Population policy
Rangaraju Committee Statistics
Wardha Committee Inquiry on murder of Graham Staines
Vohra Committee Criminalization of politics
Kelkar Committee 2 Direct – Indirect Taxes
Alagh Committee Civil Service Examinations
Abid Hussain Committee Recommendations on Small scale industries
Narasimham Committee Banking sector reforms
Chelliah Committee Tax reforms
Mashelkar Committee National Auto Fuel Policy
Boothalingam Committee Recommendations on integrated wages, income and price policy.
Omkar Goswami Committee Industrial sickness
Yashpal Committee Review of School Education system
Ram Nandan Prasad Committee Constitution of creamy layers among Backward Castes.
Kelkar Committee 3 Enquiry on Kargil defense deals.
Saharya Committee Tehelka tapes.
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Parliamentary form of Government
Our founding fathers chosen parliamentary form of Government due to some reason. Watch the video to know the details about parliamentary...
The Hindu Editorial - Well-deserved ‘nudge’ — on Nobel Economics winner Richard Thaler
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Economics as a discipline is not infrequently accused of being fairly removed from reality. The activities of societies, countries, corporations and the global macroeconomy itself are meant to fit certain models, at the heart of which are rational agents maximising their utility or welfare. However, economic models are, to varying degrees, abstractions of the real world in which economic agents are all too often not rational. For decades, American economist Richard H. Thaler has studied how decision-making deviates from rational behaviour in the real world and how this can actually be incorporated into economic modelling. His analysis married economics to human psychology and his work has formed the core of the field of behavioural economics. It is for his pioneering contributions to this field that Prof. Thaler was awarded the Economics Nobel on Monday. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences cited his analysis of how decision-makers deviate systematically from rational behaviour as conceived in traditional economic theory. For instance, individuals experience bounded rationality due to cognitive limitations. Two, they have social preferences such as caring for others. And three, they sometimes lack self-control. These are situations that every individual can relate to. In explaining the relevance of Prof. Thaler’s work and their decision to award him the prize, the committee highlighted its everyday relevance. Consider, for instance, the existence of social preferences. It would be rational for a shop to increase the price of umbrellas on a rainy day but customers would probably think of this as an unfair or exploitative policy if they were aware of the regular price. Their preference for fairness is thus a factor that keeps the shop from increasing the price of umbrellas according to the weather, when rational behaviour in traditional economic theory would warrant an increase. It is through such applications that behavioural economics has made economics as a whole more accessible and familiar. Richard Thaler had, as the Nobel committee put it, made economics more human._
_Behavioural economics, like any other, is not free of criticism — in this case, of being a patchwork of cognitive psychology and mathematics, with so many individual exceptions that it neither has the rigour of mathematics nor is free enough of modelling to be pure psychology. There are several psychologists and economists with whom Prof. Thaler has collaborated, including Amos Tversky and the 2002 Economics Nobel winner Daniel Kahneman. In a 2008 book Nudge, Prof. Thaler and Cass Sunstein show how behavioural economics can be used in policy-making to influence behaviours. It is here that they introduce the concept of libertarian paternalism, where “choice architects” influence the behaviour of individuals to make their lives “longer, healthier and better” but in a way that gives individuals the freedom to not participate in arrangements that are not to their taste. And with governments slowly incorporating it into policy, behavioural economics has not been restricted to campuses
@UPSC_18
@UPSC_2018
#KARPATHUIAS
Economics as a discipline is not infrequently accused of being fairly removed from reality. The activities of societies, countries, corporations and the global macroeconomy itself are meant to fit certain models, at the heart of which are rational agents maximising their utility or welfare. However, economic models are, to varying degrees, abstractions of the real world in which economic agents are all too often not rational. For decades, American economist Richard H. Thaler has studied how decision-making deviates from rational behaviour in the real world and how this can actually be incorporated into economic modelling. His analysis married economics to human psychology and his work has formed the core of the field of behavioural economics. It is for his pioneering contributions to this field that Prof. Thaler was awarded the Economics Nobel on Monday. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences cited his analysis of how decision-makers deviate systematically from rational behaviour as conceived in traditional economic theory. For instance, individuals experience bounded rationality due to cognitive limitations. Two, they have social preferences such as caring for others. And three, they sometimes lack self-control. These are situations that every individual can relate to. In explaining the relevance of Prof. Thaler’s work and their decision to award him the prize, the committee highlighted its everyday relevance. Consider, for instance, the existence of social preferences. It would be rational for a shop to increase the price of umbrellas on a rainy day but customers would probably think of this as an unfair or exploitative policy if they were aware of the regular price. Their preference for fairness is thus a factor that keeps the shop from increasing the price of umbrellas according to the weather, when rational behaviour in traditional economic theory would warrant an increase. It is through such applications that behavioural economics has made economics as a whole more accessible and familiar. Richard Thaler had, as the Nobel committee put it, made economics more human._
_Behavioural economics, like any other, is not free of criticism — in this case, of being a patchwork of cognitive psychology and mathematics, with so many individual exceptions that it neither has the rigour of mathematics nor is free enough of modelling to be pure psychology. There are several psychologists and economists with whom Prof. Thaler has collaborated, including Amos Tversky and the 2002 Economics Nobel winner Daniel Kahneman. In a 2008 book Nudge, Prof. Thaler and Cass Sunstein show how behavioural economics can be used in policy-making to influence behaviours. It is here that they introduce the concept of libertarian paternalism, where “choice architects” influence the behaviour of individuals to make their lives “longer, healthier and better” but in a way that gives individuals the freedom to not participate in arrangements that are not to their taste. And with governments slowly incorporating it into policy, behavioural economics has not been restricted to campuses
Karpathu IAS: TNPSC SCIENCE AYAKUDI MATERIAL part - I
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TNPSC SCIENCE AYAKUDI MATERIAL part - I
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Karpathu IAS: TNPSC SCIENCE AYAKUDI MATERIAL PART - II
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TNPSC SCIENCE AYAKUDI MATERIAL PART - II | அறிவியல் முக்கிய கேள்விகள்
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