What is the definition of the Berlin Wall? Why did the Berlin wall Fall?
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Berlin wall , A wall that separated West Berlin, Germany, from East Germany, which surrounded it until 1989. At the end of World War II, the victorious Allies divided Berlin, the German capital, into four sectors. The eastern, or Russian, sector became the capital of communist East Germany.
The Fall of the Wall. On November 9, 1989, as the Cold War began to thaw across Eastern Europe, the spokesman for East Berlin's Communist Party announced a change in his city's relations with the West. Starting at midnight that day, he said, citizens of the GDR were free to cross the country's borders.
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Berlin wall , A wall that separated West Berlin, Germany, from East Germany, which surrounded it until 1989. At the end of World War II, the victorious Allies divided Berlin, the German capital, into four sectors. The eastern, or Russian, sector became the capital of communist East Germany.
The Fall of the Wall. On November 9, 1989, as the Cold War began to thaw across Eastern Europe, the spokesman for East Berlin's Communist Party announced a change in his city's relations with the West. Starting at midnight that day, he said, citizens of the GDR were free to cross the country's borders.
Question : The prismatic model of Riggs is equally applicable to developing as well as developed society. Comment . (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Model Answer:
Fred Riggs defined prismatic model of society as intermediary between fused society and diffracted society .It Identified with attainment of values, selectivism in societal interaction and polyfunctionalism. Its Important characteristics are heterogeneity i.e coexistence of opposite views and institutions, formalism- difference between prescribed values and functions and effective values and functions, overlapping -coexistence of formally differentiated structure of diffracted types with undifferentiated structures of fused type.
Both developed and developing societies exhibit these traits depending upon the extent of integration and differentiation characterizing development as per Riggs. Developing society has considerable differentiation but less integration. Developed society has great differentiation and integration. Both societies experience continuous change towards achievement of values, universalism and speciality in various domains, hence can be analysed by prismatic model.
However, Riggs considered America a developed society as ideal and diffracted and developing societies as prismatic and turbulent. Application of negative formalism can be observed in Riggsian Prismatic Model which is not in tandem with reality as per administrative scholars.
@UPSC_18
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Model Answer:
Fred Riggs defined prismatic model of society as intermediary between fused society and diffracted society .It Identified with attainment of values, selectivism in societal interaction and polyfunctionalism. Its Important characteristics are heterogeneity i.e coexistence of opposite views and institutions, formalism- difference between prescribed values and functions and effective values and functions, overlapping -coexistence of formally differentiated structure of diffracted types with undifferentiated structures of fused type.
Both developed and developing societies exhibit these traits depending upon the extent of integration and differentiation characterizing development as per Riggs. Developing society has considerable differentiation but less integration. Developed society has great differentiation and integration. Both societies experience continuous change towards achievement of values, universalism and speciality in various domains, hence can be analysed by prismatic model.
However, Riggs considered America a developed society as ideal and diffracted and developing societies as prismatic and turbulent. Application of negative formalism can be observed in Riggsian Prismatic Model which is not in tandem with reality as per administrative scholars.
GST council mein major decisions taken today :
1. Cloth pe tax reduced to 5% from 12%.
2. 60 items tax reduced to 5% from 12%.
3. Restaurant Tax reduced to 12% from 18% GST.
4. Return to be filed once in quarter not monthly basis.
5. Other details to be shared shortly
1. Cloth pe tax reduced to 5% from 12%.
2. 60 items tax reduced to 5% from 12%.
3. Restaurant Tax reduced to 12% from 18% GST.
4. Return to be filed once in quarter not monthly basis.
5. Other details to be shared shortly
Question : Development administration is characterised by its purposes, loyalties and attitudes. Explain (10 Marks/150 Words)
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Model Answer :
Development administration highlights the changing role of bureaucracy existing in a dynamic environment which aims at fostering socio-economic transformation. The distinctive characteristic of development administration is its central concern with socio-economic change. It is this special orientation which distinguish it from regulatory or traditional administration which is basically concerned with maintenance of status quo. Development administration has to be result oriented since the changes have to be brought rapidly and within a specified time schedule. Bureaucracy is expected to be committed and loyal to the jobs they are called upon to perform. However bureaucracy is known for red-tapism and formalism. Hence a change in bureaucratic behavior is a pre-requisite to meet the demands of dynamic situation. There is a need to change the hierarchical and rigid bureaucratic behavior to client oriented attitude. The needs of specific target group have to be catered to. The people have to be considered active participants . It is the close relation between ‘public’ and ‘administration’ that is an essential attribute of development administration.
@UPSC_18
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#KARPATHUIAS
Model Answer :
Development administration highlights the changing role of bureaucracy existing in a dynamic environment which aims at fostering socio-economic transformation. The distinctive characteristic of development administration is its central concern with socio-economic change. It is this special orientation which distinguish it from regulatory or traditional administration which is basically concerned with maintenance of status quo. Development administration has to be result oriented since the changes have to be brought rapidly and within a specified time schedule. Bureaucracy is expected to be committed and loyal to the jobs they are called upon to perform. However bureaucracy is known for red-tapism and formalism. Hence a change in bureaucratic behavior is a pre-requisite to meet the demands of dynamic situation. There is a need to change the hierarchical and rigid bureaucratic behavior to client oriented attitude. The needs of specific target group have to be catered to. The people have to be considered active participants . It is the close relation between ‘public’ and ‘administration’ that is an essential attribute of development administration.
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Karnataka’s efforts in popularizing millets yield results
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Karnataka’s efforts in popularising millets, which was the staple a couple of generations ago, appears to have yielded results if the indicators of a nationwide study by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) to assess urban nutrition is anything to go by.
Karnataka is the third highest consumer of millet among 16 States studied, with Maharashtra and Gujarat occupying the first two slots. However, the picture is not very rosy in terms of consumption of other food items.
Except for intake of pulses and legumes and roots and tubers, where Karnataka’s consumption pattern matches with the Indian Council of Medical Research’s (ICMR) recommended daily intake (RDI), it is far behind the RDI in terms of consumption of green leafy vegetables, milk and milk products and fats and oils.
For years millets were dismissed as the food of the poor. Now, that attitude is slowly shifting and one of the reasons for this is the growing urban demand for organic and nutritious food.
The demand is high in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka. It is the lowest in Bihar, Kerala and Assam.
Karnataka in also the only State to have included millets such as jowar and ragi in its Public Distribution System since July 2015 in accordance with recommendations in the National Food Security Act, 2013.
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Indians consume far less than recommended nutritious food
A nation-wide study, carried out by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) to assess urban nutrition, shows not only a great diversity in food consumption in 16 States in the country, but also that Indians consume far less than the recommended quantum of several micro-nutrients and vital vitamins.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands reported the highest intake of flesh foods, including meat and fish, while Odisha has the highest consumption of green leafy vegetables (GLV). On an average, while the recommended dietary intake of GLV is 40g/Cu/day, the consumption in the country is 24g/Cu/day.
Madhya Pradesh has the lowest intake of flesh foods, and Kerala consumes the least green leafy vegetables.
If Madhya Pradesh has a sweet tooth with the highest intake of sugar and jaggery, Odisha and Assam have the highest intake of salt. Rajasthan is high on the intake of fats and oils as well as milk and milk products.
The study, led by AvulaLaxmaiah, scientist (Director Grade) from the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), the country’s premier nutrition research institute, was released recently.
The researchers used the method of a 24-hour dietary recall to collect food and nutrient information from 1.72 lakh people in 16 States.
While the average intake of cereals and millets was found to be 320g/Cu/day, which is lower than the recommended dietary intake (RDI), the intake of pulses and legumes was about 42g/Cu/day.
This is on par with the suggested level of the Indian Council of Medical Research, said Dr. Laxmaiah.
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Karnataka’s efforts in popularizing millets yield results
#https://karpathuias.blogspot.in
Karnataka’s efforts in popularising millets, which was the staple a couple of generations ago, appears to have yielded results if the indicators of a nationwide study by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) to assess urban nutrition is anything to go by.
Karnataka is the third highest consumer of millet among 16 States studied, with Maharashtra and Gujarat occupying the first two slots. However, the picture is not very rosy in terms of consumption of other food items.
Except for intake of pulses and legumes and roots and tubers, where Karnataka’s consumption pattern matches with the Indian Council of Medical Research’s (ICMR) recommended daily intake (RDI), it is far behind the RDI in terms of consumption of green leafy vegetables, milk and milk products and fats and oils.
For years millets were dismissed as the food of the poor. Now, that attitude is slowly shifting and one of the reasons for this is the growing urban demand for organic and nutritious food.
The demand is high in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka. It is the lowest in Bihar, Kerala and Assam.
Karnataka in also the only State to have included millets such as jowar and ragi in its Public Distribution System since July 2015 in accordance with recommendations in the National Food Security Act, 2013.
@UPSC_18
Indians consume far less than recommended nutritious food
A nation-wide study, carried out by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) to assess urban nutrition, shows not only a great diversity in food consumption in 16 States in the country, but also that Indians consume far less than the recommended quantum of several micro-nutrients and vital vitamins.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands reported the highest intake of flesh foods, including meat and fish, while Odisha has the highest consumption of green leafy vegetables (GLV). On an average, while the recommended dietary intake of GLV is 40g/Cu/day, the consumption in the country is 24g/Cu/day.
Madhya Pradesh has the lowest intake of flesh foods, and Kerala consumes the least green leafy vegetables.
If Madhya Pradesh has a sweet tooth with the highest intake of sugar and jaggery, Odisha and Assam have the highest intake of salt. Rajasthan is high on the intake of fats and oils as well as milk and milk products.
The study, led by AvulaLaxmaiah, scientist (Director Grade) from the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), the country’s premier nutrition research institute, was released recently.
The researchers used the method of a 24-hour dietary recall to collect food and nutrient information from 1.72 lakh people in 16 States.
While the average intake of cereals and millets was found to be 320g/Cu/day, which is lower than the recommended dietary intake (RDI), the intake of pulses and legumes was about 42g/Cu/day.
This is on par with the suggested level of the Indian Council of Medical Research, said Dr. Laxmaiah.
Why we hear humming sound when standing below high tension powerline?
Transformers are a different story, but with just high-voltage (generally >350kV) wires the standard explanation is corona discharge.
In the air occasionally some gas molecules will become ionized. This means that the molecule gains or loses and electron. This can happen through chemical reactions, but it's generally more likely that UV light knock an electron off. An electrical field doesn't really affect uncharged molecules, but it does affect ions. The positively charged ions are relatively heavy, so move slowly, but the free electrons are very light so they get pushed away very quickly. These fast moving electrons bump other molecules and can knock more electrons free. In addition to moving ions, this can cause a slight glow (when an electron recombines with a positive ion), and heats the air which causes noise.
A negatively charged wire will attract positively charged ions, are push away the free electrons (or any negative charged ions), while a positively charged wire will do the opposite. In a power line carrying AC current, the charge on the wire alternates between positive and negative (with some time in between where it isn't enough charge to matter). The result is that the air gets briefly heated 120 times per second, which makes a hum.
If the wire is smaller, then the electric field near the wire is stronger, so one of the reasons high voltage wires are as large as they are is to reduce this effect.
Transformers are a different story, but with just high-voltage (generally >350kV) wires the standard explanation is corona discharge.
In the air occasionally some gas molecules will become ionized. This means that the molecule gains or loses and electron. This can happen through chemical reactions, but it's generally more likely that UV light knock an electron off. An electrical field doesn't really affect uncharged molecules, but it does affect ions. The positively charged ions are relatively heavy, so move slowly, but the free electrons are very light so they get pushed away very quickly. These fast moving electrons bump other molecules and can knock more electrons free. In addition to moving ions, this can cause a slight glow (when an electron recombines with a positive ion), and heats the air which causes noise.
A negatively charged wire will attract positively charged ions, are push away the free electrons (or any negative charged ions), while a positively charged wire will do the opposite. In a power line carrying AC current, the charge on the wire alternates between positive and negative (with some time in between where it isn't enough charge to matter). The result is that the air gets briefly heated 120 times per second, which makes a hum.
If the wire is smaller, then the electric field near the wire is stronger, so one of the reasons high voltage wires are as large as they are is to reduce this effect.
Why do we lose our sense of taste when we have a cold?
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Our sense of smell is responsible for about 80%of what we taste. The tastebuds present on our tongues are limited to only the basic sensations: sweet, salty, sour and bitter. All other flavors that we experience come from smell. This is why, when our nose is blocked, as by cold, most foods seem bland or tasteless. Our sense of smell can normally detect up to 10,000 smells.
What is deepest point on earth?
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The Kola Super deep Borehole Russia ,is the result of a scientific drilling project of the Soviet Union in the Pechengsky District, on the Kola Peninsula. The project attempted to drill as deep as possible into the Earth's crust. Drilling began on 24 May 1970. Boreholes were drilled by branching from a central hole. The deepest, SG-3, reached 12,262 metres (40,230 ft) in 1989 and still is the deepest artificial point on Earth. The borehole is 9 inches (23 cm) in diameter.
What is Pellet Gun?
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A pellet is a non-spherical projectile designed to be fired from an air gun. Air gun pellets differ from bullets and shot used in firearms because of the pressures encountered: airguns operate at pressures as low as 50 atmospheres, while firearms operate at thousands of atmospheres.
Wood pellets are the most common type of pellet fuel and are generally made from compacted sawdust and related industrial wastes from the milling of lumber, manufacture of wood products and furniture, and construction.
@UPSC_18
Our sense of smell is responsible for about 80%of what we taste. The tastebuds present on our tongues are limited to only the basic sensations: sweet, salty, sour and bitter. All other flavors that we experience come from smell. This is why, when our nose is blocked, as by cold, most foods seem bland or tasteless. Our sense of smell can normally detect up to 10,000 smells.
What is deepest point on earth?
@UPSC_2018
The Kola Super deep Borehole Russia ,is the result of a scientific drilling project of the Soviet Union in the Pechengsky District, on the Kola Peninsula. The project attempted to drill as deep as possible into the Earth's crust. Drilling began on 24 May 1970. Boreholes were drilled by branching from a central hole. The deepest, SG-3, reached 12,262 metres (40,230 ft) in 1989 and still is the deepest artificial point on Earth. The borehole is 9 inches (23 cm) in diameter.
What is Pellet Gun?
https://karpathuias.blogspot.in
A pellet is a non-spherical projectile designed to be fired from an air gun. Air gun pellets differ from bullets and shot used in firearms because of the pressures encountered: airguns operate at pressures as low as 50 atmospheres, while firearms operate at thousands of atmospheres.
Wood pellets are the most common type of pellet fuel and are generally made from compacted sawdust and related industrial wastes from the milling of lumber, manufacture of wood products and furniture, and construction.
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What is Pixel?
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The pixel (a word invented from "picture element") is the basic unit of programmable color on a computer display or in a computer image. Think of it as a logical - rather than a physical - unit. The physical size of a pixel depends on how you've set the resolution for the display screen. If you've set the display to its maximum resolution, the physical size of a pixel will equal the physical size of the dot pitch (let's just call it the dot size) of the display. If, however, you've set the resolution to something less than the maximum resolution, a pixel will be larger than the physical size of the screen's dot (that is, a pixel will use more than one dot).
The specific color that a pixel describes is some blend of three components of the color spectrum - RGB. Up to three bytes of data are allocated for specifying a pixel's color, one byte for each major color component. A true color or 24-bit color system uses all three bytes. However, many color display systems use only one byte (limiting the display to 256 different colors).
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What's the difference between hacking and cracking?
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The difference is that a hacker is someone that uses their extensive knowledge of computer logic and code for malicious purposes, while a cracker - looks for back doors in programs, and exploits those back doors. Cracking is generally less harmful than hacking. Hackers are usually involved with web related hacking, like MySQL interception, or phishing, other forms of hacking would include things like brute force, or password lifting.
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The pixel (a word invented from "picture element") is the basic unit of programmable color on a computer display or in a computer image. Think of it as a logical - rather than a physical - unit. The physical size of a pixel depends on how you've set the resolution for the display screen. If you've set the display to its maximum resolution, the physical size of a pixel will equal the physical size of the dot pitch (let's just call it the dot size) of the display. If, however, you've set the resolution to something less than the maximum resolution, a pixel will be larger than the physical size of the screen's dot (that is, a pixel will use more than one dot).
The specific color that a pixel describes is some blend of three components of the color spectrum - RGB. Up to three bytes of data are allocated for specifying a pixel's color, one byte for each major color component. A true color or 24-bit color system uses all three bytes. However, many color display systems use only one byte (limiting the display to 256 different colors).
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What's the difference between hacking and cracking?
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https://karpathuias.blogspot.in
The difference is that a hacker is someone that uses their extensive knowledge of computer logic and code for malicious purposes, while a cracker - looks for back doors in programs, and exploits those back doors. Cracking is generally less harmful than hacking. Hackers are usually involved with web related hacking, like MySQL interception, or phishing, other forms of hacking would include things like brute force, or password lifting.
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What is Kuipter Belt?
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The Kuiper Belt is a collection of bodies outside the orbit of Neptune that, if nothing else had happened, if Neptune hadn’t formed or if things had gone a little bit better, maybe they could have gotten together themselves and formed the next planet out beyond Neptune. But instead, in the history of the solar system, when Neptune formed it led to these objects not being able to get together, so it’s just this belt of material out beyond Neptune.
What rock floats on water?
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Pumice varies in density according to the thickness of the solid material between the bubbles; many samples float in water. After the explosion of Krakatoa, rafts of pumice drifted through the Pacific Ocean for up to 20 years, with tree trunks floating among them.
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What is a Mirage?
A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. The word comes to English via the French Mirage, from the Latin mirari, meaning "to look at, to wonder at". This is the same root as for "mirror" and "to admire".
You might think you are hallucinating when traveling on a hot afternoon, but mirages are a naturally-occurring optical illusion in contrast to visual hallucination. It can equally be captured on a camera.
https://karpathuias.blogspot.in
The Kuiper Belt is a collection of bodies outside the orbit of Neptune that, if nothing else had happened, if Neptune hadn’t formed or if things had gone a little bit better, maybe they could have gotten together themselves and formed the next planet out beyond Neptune. But instead, in the history of the solar system, when Neptune formed it led to these objects not being able to get together, so it’s just this belt of material out beyond Neptune.
What rock floats on water?
#KARPATHUIAS
Pumice varies in density according to the thickness of the solid material between the bubbles; many samples float in water. After the explosion of Krakatoa, rafts of pumice drifted through the Pacific Ocean for up to 20 years, with tree trunks floating among them.
#KARPATHUIAS
What is a Mirage?
A mirage is a naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky. The word comes to English via the French Mirage, from the Latin mirari, meaning "to look at, to wonder at". This is the same root as for "mirror" and "to admire".
You might think you are hallucinating when traveling on a hot afternoon, but mirages are a naturally-occurring optical illusion in contrast to visual hallucination. It can equally be captured on a camera.
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Important Committees and Commissions in India
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Committees Area of Work
Butler Committee Relation between Indian states & paramount power
Hurtog Committee Growth of British India education -its effects
Muddiman Committee Working of Diarchy as in Montague Chelmsford reforms
Malhotra Committee Insurance Reforms
Janaki Ram Committee Security Scam
Ajay Vikram Singh Committee Faster promotions in Army
Rajinder Sachar Committee 1 Companies and MRPT Act
Rajindar Sachar Committee 2 Report on the social, economic and educational status of the Muslims of India.
Jyoti Basu Committee Report on Octroi abolition.
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee Recommendations on decentralization system
Sawant Committee Enquiry on corruption, charges against ministers & Anna Hazare
Chelliah Committee Eradicating black money
Wanchoo Committee Tax enquiry
Bhanu Pratap Singh Committee Agriculture
Agarwal Committee Nepotism in granting petrol pump, LPG connections
Rangarajan Committee Reforms in private sector
Naresh Chandra Committee Corporate governance
Chakravarti Committee Banking sector reforms
Rekhi Committee Structure of indirect taxation
G.V.Ramakrishna Committee Disinvestment in PSU shares
Kelkar Committee 1 First committee on backward castes
P.C.Hotha Committee Restructuring of civil services
Justice B.N.Kirpal Committee 1st chairman National Forest Commission
Godbole Committee Enron Power Project
J.C.Kumarappa Committee Congress agrarian Reforms Committee
Swaminathan Committee Population policy
Rangaraju Committee Statistics
Wardha Committee Inquiry on murder of Graham Staines
Vohra Committee Criminalization of politics
Kelkar Committee 2 Direct – Indirect Taxes
Alagh Committee Civil Service Examinations
Abid Hussain Committee Recommendations on Small scale industries
Narasimham Committee Banking sector reforms
Chelliah Committee Tax reforms
Mashelkar Committee National Auto Fuel Policy
Boothalingam Committee Recommendations on integrated wages, income and price policy.
Omkar Goswami Committee Industrial sickness
Yashpal Committee Review of School Education system
Ram Nandan Prasad Committee Constitution of creamy layers among Backward Castes.
Kelkar Committee 3 Enquiry on Kargil defense deals.
Saharya Committee Tehelka tapes.
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Committees Area of Work
Butler Committee Relation between Indian states & paramount power
Hurtog Committee Growth of British India education -its effects
Muddiman Committee Working of Diarchy as in Montague Chelmsford reforms
Malhotra Committee Insurance Reforms
Janaki Ram Committee Security Scam
Ajay Vikram Singh Committee Faster promotions in Army
Rajinder Sachar Committee 1 Companies and MRPT Act
Rajindar Sachar Committee 2 Report on the social, economic and educational status of the Muslims of India.
Jyoti Basu Committee Report on Octroi abolition.
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee Recommendations on decentralization system
Sawant Committee Enquiry on corruption, charges against ministers & Anna Hazare
Chelliah Committee Eradicating black money
Wanchoo Committee Tax enquiry
Bhanu Pratap Singh Committee Agriculture
Agarwal Committee Nepotism in granting petrol pump, LPG connections
Rangarajan Committee Reforms in private sector
Naresh Chandra Committee Corporate governance
Chakravarti Committee Banking sector reforms
Rekhi Committee Structure of indirect taxation
G.V.Ramakrishna Committee Disinvestment in PSU shares
Kelkar Committee 1 First committee on backward castes
P.C.Hotha Committee Restructuring of civil services
Justice B.N.Kirpal Committee 1st chairman National Forest Commission
Godbole Committee Enron Power Project
J.C.Kumarappa Committee Congress agrarian Reforms Committee
Swaminathan Committee Population policy
Rangaraju Committee Statistics
Wardha Committee Inquiry on murder of Graham Staines
Vohra Committee Criminalization of politics
Kelkar Committee 2 Direct – Indirect Taxes
Alagh Committee Civil Service Examinations
Abid Hussain Committee Recommendations on Small scale industries
Narasimham Committee Banking sector reforms
Chelliah Committee Tax reforms
Mashelkar Committee National Auto Fuel Policy
Boothalingam Committee Recommendations on integrated wages, income and price policy.
Omkar Goswami Committee Industrial sickness
Yashpal Committee Review of School Education system
Ram Nandan Prasad Committee Constitution of creamy layers among Backward Castes.
Kelkar Committee 3 Enquiry on Kargil defense deals.
Saharya Committee Tehelka tapes.