What is Flammable Bubbles?
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The bubbles found in Lake Abraham in Canada may look like a giant lava lamp, but they're nowhere near as groovy. These brisk globules actually contain methane released by bacteria, after consuming dead organic matter, which is then trapped in the ice, according to The Guardian. For the most part, the bubbles are harmless. That is unless they're lit. In that case, they turn to bitter bombs. That's right: Lake Abraham, the only lake that needs a no-smoking sign.
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The bubbles found in Lake Abraham in Canada may look like a giant lava lamp, but they're nowhere near as groovy. These brisk globules actually contain methane released by bacteria, after consuming dead organic matter, which is then trapped in the ice, according to The Guardian. For the most part, the bubbles are harmless. That is unless they're lit. In that case, they turn to bitter bombs. That's right: Lake Abraham, the only lake that needs a no-smoking sign.
What is soil free farming ?
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Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture, the method of growing plants without soil, using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent. Terrestrial plants may be grown with only their roots exposed to the mineral solution, or the roots may be supported by an inert medium, such as perlite or gravel.
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Hydroponics is a subset of hydroculture, the method of growing plants without soil, using mineral nutrient solutions in a water solvent. Terrestrial plants may be grown with only their roots exposed to the mineral solution, or the roots may be supported by an inert medium, such as perlite or gravel.
Subtropical jet stream (STJ)
The sub-tropical jet stream is produced by the earth’s rotation (Coriolis force) and temperature contrast between tropical and sub – tropical regions .
At the equator, the rotation produces greatest velocity in the atmosphere.
As a result, the rising air which spreads out and southwards, moves faster than the latitudes over which it is blowing.
It is deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere, and at about 30° latitude, it becomes concentrated as the subtropical jet streams.
During winter, the STJ is nearly continuous in both hemispheres. The STJ exists all year in the southern hemisphere. However, it is intermittent in the northern hemisphere during summer when it migrates north.
The STJ can be temporarily displaced when strong mid-latitude troughs extend into subtropical latitudes. When these displacements occur, the subtropical jet can merge with the polar front jet (more in Indian Monsoons).
STJ is closely connected to the Indian and African summer monsoons.
The sub-tropical jet stream is produced by the earth’s rotation (Coriolis force) and temperature contrast between tropical and sub – tropical regions .
At the equator, the rotation produces greatest velocity in the atmosphere.
As a result, the rising air which spreads out and southwards, moves faster than the latitudes over which it is blowing.
It is deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere, and at about 30° latitude, it becomes concentrated as the subtropical jet streams.
During winter, the STJ is nearly continuous in both hemispheres. The STJ exists all year in the southern hemisphere. However, it is intermittent in the northern hemisphere during summer when it migrates north.
The STJ can be temporarily displaced when strong mid-latitude troughs extend into subtropical latitudes. When these displacements occur, the subtropical jet can merge with the polar front jet (more in Indian Monsoons).
STJ is closely connected to the Indian and African summer monsoons.
BHIM - Bharat Interface for Money
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The Bharat Interface for Money (BHIM) mobile app was launched by Narendra Modi on 30 December 2016 in New Delhi.
The BHIM app is dedicated to Dr. Bhimrao R. Ambedkar
♣ Platfotm: Android, iOS and Window mobiles
The app is based on the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) . It is an open platform and not a mobile wallet Bank-to-bank payments and Pay and collect money using just Mobile number or Virtual Payment Address (VPA).
♣ Developer: The app was developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
♣ Available Languages: Now available in 12 languages, it will be updated in other languages in future
♣ Process of Transaction: We can send or receive money to different bank accounts with ZERO Transaction charges by using
1.UPI payment addresses by dialling *99#
2.Account number with IFSC(Indian Financial System Code) code or MMID (Mobile Money Identifier) Code
3.QR (Quick Response) code for a fixed amount of money
♣ Limits: Transaction limit per day is limited to Rs.20,000 Transaction limit per transaction is Rs.1 to Rs.10,000 USSD(Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) transaction per day set at Rs. 5,000. Mobile operator may charge you up to Rs.1.50 per transaction.
♣ Remarks: BHIM app has recorded 18 million downloads till March 2017
https://t.me/UPSC_18
The Bharat Interface for Money (BHIM) mobile app was launched by Narendra Modi on 30 December 2016 in New Delhi.
The BHIM app is dedicated to Dr. Bhimrao R. Ambedkar
♣ Platfotm: Android, iOS and Window mobiles
The app is based on the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) . It is an open platform and not a mobile wallet Bank-to-bank payments and Pay and collect money using just Mobile number or Virtual Payment Address (VPA).
♣ Developer: The app was developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
♣ Available Languages: Now available in 12 languages, it will be updated in other languages in future
♣ Process of Transaction: We can send or receive money to different bank accounts with ZERO Transaction charges by using
1.UPI payment addresses by dialling *99#
2.Account number with IFSC(Indian Financial System Code) code or MMID (Mobile Money Identifier) Code
3.QR (Quick Response) code for a fixed amount of money
♣ Limits: Transaction limit per day is limited to Rs.20,000 Transaction limit per transaction is Rs.1 to Rs.10,000 USSD(Unstructured Supplementary Service Data) transaction per day set at Rs. 5,000. Mobile operator may charge you up to Rs.1.50 per transaction.
♣ Remarks: BHIM app has recorded 18 million downloads till March 2017
Why does a camel have a hump?
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Camels do not store water in their humps, as it is commonly believed. The humps are actually reservoirs of fatty tissue. Concentrating body fat in their humps minimizes heat-trapping insulation throughout the rest of their body, which may be an adaptation to living in hot climates. When this tissue is metabolized, it acts as a source of energy and yields more than 1g of water for each 1g of fat converted through reaction with oxygen from air.
https://t.me/UPSC_18
Camels do not store water in their humps, as it is commonly believed. The humps are actually reservoirs of fatty tissue. Concentrating body fat in their humps minimizes heat-trapping insulation throughout the rest of their body, which may be an adaptation to living in hot climates. When this tissue is metabolized, it acts as a source of energy and yields more than 1g of water for each 1g of fat converted through reaction with oxygen from air.
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Arunachal Pradesh: Separate Time Zone Issue
(1). There is a demand for a separate time zone for the northeastern states to improve work efficiency and save electricity in the region.
(2). According to him, several daylight hours are getting wasted as government offices opens only at 10am and closes as early as 4pm.
(3). IST iss fixed in 1906 at 82.5°, or 5.30 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
(4). Although it is not felt by most Indians, it really creates troubles for the people who live in North East.
(5). In North East, the day starts getting brighter by 4 AM and darker by 5 PM. The adoption of separate time zone would allow people of North East to begin early and use the time which is currently wasted.
(6). The chaibagan time was introduced by the British over 150 years ago. It was set one hour ahead of the Indian Standard Time (IST) for tea estates, collieries and oil industry of Assam.
Arunachal Pradesh: Separate Time Zone Issue
(1). There is a demand for a separate time zone for the northeastern states to improve work efficiency and save electricity in the region.
(2). According to him, several daylight hours are getting wasted as government offices opens only at 10am and closes as early as 4pm.
(3). IST iss fixed in 1906 at 82.5°, or 5.30 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
(4). Although it is not felt by most Indians, it really creates troubles for the people who live in North East.
(5). In North East, the day starts getting brighter by 4 AM and darker by 5 PM. The adoption of separate time zone would allow people of North East to begin early and use the time which is currently wasted.
(6). The chaibagan time was introduced by the British over 150 years ago. It was set one hour ahead of the Indian Standard Time (IST) for tea estates, collieries and oil industry of Assam.
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Difference Between P.O.S & ATM Machine
P.O.S ~
Point of Sale terminal is a combination of software and hardware that allows retail location to process card payment. It reads the information of a customer’s Credit and debit card; check whether the funds
are sufficient in a customer’s bank account. It also transfers the funds from the customer’s account to the seller’s account, records the transaction and after the transaction is approved the terminal prints receipt for the customer.
ATM: -
ATM stands for Automated Teller Machine. This computerizes machine permits customer to access their bank account with a magnetically encoded plastic card and a code number. It allows withdrawing money and making deposits, paying bills, obtaining bank statements, check account balance and transfer money.
*DIFFERENCES BETWEEN P.O.S AND ATM
P.O.S: ATM
1. The full form of P.O.S. is Point of sale.
1. Where the full form of ATM is Automated teller Machine.
2. P.O.S. is basically used at grocery or retail stores.
2. Where an ATM. is used at public places for the ease of banking service to people.
3. P.O.S. is used to give support to business for cash transaction.
3. Where an ATM. is used to give support to banking services. That’s why it is also called self-service banking machine.
4. P.O.S. is only used to transfer cash digitally from account to account.
4. Where an ATM. is used to transfer as well as withdrawal of cash.
5. A P.O.S. is run by a P.O.S. terminal, a server and a P.O.S. retail software.
5. Where an ATM. connects to a host computer through a network.
6. There is no restriction or no extra charge to use a P.O.S. at any number of time for a particular bank account in a given time.
6. Where there is a restriction or carrying extra charge to use a particular ATM. to use many numbers of time for a particular bank account to withdraw money in a given time.
P.O.S ~
Point of Sale terminal is a combination of software and hardware that allows retail location to process card payment. It reads the information of a customer’s Credit and debit card; check whether the funds
are sufficient in a customer’s bank account. It also transfers the funds from the customer’s account to the seller’s account, records the transaction and after the transaction is approved the terminal prints receipt for the customer.
ATM: -
ATM stands for Automated Teller Machine. This computerizes machine permits customer to access their bank account with a magnetically encoded plastic card and a code number. It allows withdrawing money and making deposits, paying bills, obtaining bank statements, check account balance and transfer money.
*DIFFERENCES BETWEEN P.O.S AND ATM
P.O.S: ATM
1. The full form of P.O.S. is Point of sale.
1. Where the full form of ATM is Automated teller Machine.
2. P.O.S. is basically used at grocery or retail stores.
2. Where an ATM. is used at public places for the ease of banking service to people.
3. P.O.S. is used to give support to business for cash transaction.
3. Where an ATM. is used to give support to banking services. That’s why it is also called self-service banking machine.
4. P.O.S. is only used to transfer cash digitally from account to account.
4. Where an ATM. is used to transfer as well as withdrawal of cash.
5. A P.O.S. is run by a P.O.S. terminal, a server and a P.O.S. retail software.
5. Where an ATM. connects to a host computer through a network.
6. There is no restriction or no extra charge to use a P.O.S. at any number of time for a particular bank account in a given time.
6. Where there is a restriction or carrying extra charge to use a particular ATM. to use many numbers of time for a particular bank account to withdraw money in a given time.
Difference Between Devaluation of Currency & Depreciation Currency
*Introduction: ~
Both these terms look same but the meaning of both differs somewhat. Both these words are used in a foreign exchange market and both are affected by the international economy elements. Both these words are used when the value of the currency falls as compared to the other currency. Both have different causes and long term effects on the economy.
****The meaning of Devaluation: -
Devaluation of currency occurs when in the country the monetary policy authority or government intentionally reduces the value of its currency by lowering the exchange rate as compared to another country's exchange rate.
The authority devalues the currency by lowering the fixed exchange rate in the international market.
It is changed by only the country's authority by comparing the worth of the goods and services in the international market.
It helps the economy in the short period.
There is no fixed time for it to devalue the currency but when the need occurs or authority think there is a need to devalue the currency, it happens.
****Effects: ~
Exports cheaper.
Imports more expensive,
Increased aggregate demand,
Improvement in the current account.,
Higher Inflation.
*The meaning of Depreciation :~
The depreciation of currency occurs by forces of demand and supply in the global market not by the government. (If under any circumstances the government sells a lot of currency more than needed in that case depreciation occurs.)
By depreciating the value of currency the problem occurs only for short time but in a long time, it will help an economy to build well and reliable.
It also guards against the market crack-ups.
The floating exchange rate changes day basis. Floating exchange rate is a rate by which the country determine the value of their own currency in the global market.
It happens in the global market on a daily basis because of change in the economic policy or political party in the global market.
In the depreciation, the purchasing power of currency falls as compared to another country's currency means country's money has less power to purchase as compared to another currency.
***Effects: ~
Exports cheaper,
Imports expensive,
Higher inflation,
Decrease in supply.
*Base
Devaluation of currency: Depreciation of currency
*Meaning~
Devaluation means to lower the value of country's currency as compared to the another country’s value
The meaning of depreciation of the currency is the same as the meaning of devaluation of the currency.
*circumstances~
It is done by the government authority.
It is done by the force of demand and supply in the international market.
*Rate~
It is done by using fixed exchange rate.
It is done by using floating exchange rate
Effect on economy
It just for short term.
It affects the economy for a longer term
Changes
There is no fixed time for it but it doesn’t occur in regularly.
It occurs on a daily basis.
*Introduction: ~
Both these terms look same but the meaning of both differs somewhat. Both these words are used in a foreign exchange market and both are affected by the international economy elements. Both these words are used when the value of the currency falls as compared to the other currency. Both have different causes and long term effects on the economy.
****The meaning of Devaluation: -
Devaluation of currency occurs when in the country the monetary policy authority or government intentionally reduces the value of its currency by lowering the exchange rate as compared to another country's exchange rate.
The authority devalues the currency by lowering the fixed exchange rate in the international market.
It is changed by only the country's authority by comparing the worth of the goods and services in the international market.
It helps the economy in the short period.
There is no fixed time for it to devalue the currency but when the need occurs or authority think there is a need to devalue the currency, it happens.
****Effects: ~
Exports cheaper.
Imports more expensive,
Increased aggregate demand,
Improvement in the current account.,
Higher Inflation.
*The meaning of Depreciation :~
The depreciation of currency occurs by forces of demand and supply in the global market not by the government. (If under any circumstances the government sells a lot of currency more than needed in that case depreciation occurs.)
By depreciating the value of currency the problem occurs only for short time but in a long time, it will help an economy to build well and reliable.
It also guards against the market crack-ups.
The floating exchange rate changes day basis. Floating exchange rate is a rate by which the country determine the value of their own currency in the global market.
It happens in the global market on a daily basis because of change in the economic policy or political party in the global market.
In the depreciation, the purchasing power of currency falls as compared to another country's currency means country's money has less power to purchase as compared to another currency.
***Effects: ~
Exports cheaper,
Imports expensive,
Higher inflation,
Decrease in supply.
*Base
Devaluation of currency: Depreciation of currency
*Meaning~
Devaluation means to lower the value of country's currency as compared to the another country’s value
The meaning of depreciation of the currency is the same as the meaning of devaluation of the currency.
*circumstances~
It is done by the government authority.
It is done by the force of demand and supply in the international market.
*Rate~
It is done by using fixed exchange rate.
It is done by using floating exchange rate
Effect on economy
It just for short term.
It affects the economy for a longer term
Changes
There is no fixed time for it but it doesn’t occur in regularly.
It occurs on a daily basis.
Why does salt melt ice ?
Salt melts ice essentially because adding salt lowers the freezing point of the water. How does this melt ice? Well, it doesn't, unless there is a little water available with the ice.
The good news is you don't need a pool of water to achieve the effect. Ice typically is coated with a thin film of liquid water, which is all it takes for the salt to work.
Pure water freezes at 32 F (0 C). Water with salt (or any other substance in it) will freeze at some lower temperature. Just how low this temperature will be depends on the de-icing agent. If you put salt on ice in a situation where the temperature will never get up to the new freezing point of the salt-water solution, you won't see any benefit. For example, tossing table salt (sodium chloride) onto ice when it's 0 F won't do anything more than coat the ice with a layer of salt. On the other hand, if you put the same salt on ice at 15 F, the salt will be able to prevent melting ice from re-freezing. Magnesium chloride works down to 5 F while calcium chloride works down to -20 F.
Salt melts ice essentially because adding salt lowers the freezing point of the water. How does this melt ice? Well, it doesn't, unless there is a little water available with the ice.
The good news is you don't need a pool of water to achieve the effect. Ice typically is coated with a thin film of liquid water, which is all it takes for the salt to work.
Pure water freezes at 32 F (0 C). Water with salt (or any other substance in it) will freeze at some lower temperature. Just how low this temperature will be depends on the de-icing agent. If you put salt on ice in a situation where the temperature will never get up to the new freezing point of the salt-water solution, you won't see any benefit. For example, tossing table salt (sodium chloride) onto ice when it's 0 F won't do anything more than coat the ice with a layer of salt. On the other hand, if you put the same salt on ice at 15 F, the salt will be able to prevent melting ice from re-freezing. Magnesium chloride works down to 5 F while calcium chloride works down to -20 F.
Paper II / Chapter: Philosophical and Constitutional framework of government
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(Current Based) Question : Do you think Verdict on Triple Talaq would speed up Uniform Civil Code report ? Argue. (20 Marks/200 Words)
Model Answer :
The law panel is examining the verdict of Supreme Court on issue of triple talaq and it was believed that the order would be set to become one of the main reference texts for the Law Commission which is in the process of compiling public opinion on the contentious Uniform Civil Code (UCC).
The Supreme Court identified that the triple talaq system prevalent in the country was against the teachings of the scripture, was ‘unislamic’ and hence was not part of the personal law. This statement shows that the personal law was constitutional and would hence be kept up. Triple talaq was deemed unconstitutional as it was one-sided and shut doors on arbitration before dissolving a marital relationship.
The focus is on family laws of all religions and the diversity of customary practices, and to address social injustice and gender inequality rather than the plurality of laws. Personal laws will not be touched beyond the extent permitted by the constitution as per the Law panel. Under UCC, all personal laws based on scriptures and customs of every religion will be replaced with a common law governing every citizen. (Total Words- 188)
(Linkages : Uniform Civil Code and Triple Talaq, Supreme Court Verdict and Triple Talaq, Uniform Civil Code and Law Commission, Uniform Civil Code and Personal Laws)
https://t.me/UPSC_18
(Current Based) Question : Do you think Verdict on Triple Talaq would speed up Uniform Civil Code report ? Argue. (20 Marks/200 Words)
Model Answer :
The law panel is examining the verdict of Supreme Court on issue of triple talaq and it was believed that the order would be set to become one of the main reference texts for the Law Commission which is in the process of compiling public opinion on the contentious Uniform Civil Code (UCC).
The Supreme Court identified that the triple talaq system prevalent in the country was against the teachings of the scripture, was ‘unislamic’ and hence was not part of the personal law. This statement shows that the personal law was constitutional and would hence be kept up. Triple talaq was deemed unconstitutional as it was one-sided and shut doors on arbitration before dissolving a marital relationship.
The focus is on family laws of all religions and the diversity of customary practices, and to address social injustice and gender inequality rather than the plurality of laws. Personal laws will not be touched beyond the extent permitted by the constitution as per the Law panel. Under UCC, all personal laws based on scriptures and customs of every religion will be replaced with a common law governing every citizen. (Total Words- 188)
(Linkages : Uniform Civil Code and Triple Talaq, Supreme Court Verdict and Triple Talaq, Uniform Civil Code and Law Commission, Uniform Civil Code and Personal Laws)
Article 35A of the Constitution
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Article 35A is a provision incorporated in the Constitution giving the Jammu and Kashmir Legislature a carte blanche to decide who all are ‘permanent residents’ of the State.It confers on them special rights and privileges in public sector jobs, acquisition of property in the State, scholarships and other public aid and welfare.The provision mandates that no act of the legislature coming under it can be challenged for violating the Constitution or any other law of the land.Article 35A was incorporated into the Constitution in 1954 by an order of the then President Rajendra Prasad on the advice of the Jawaharlal Nehru Cabinet.The controversial Constitution Order of 1954 followed the 1952 Delhi Agreement entered into between Nehru and the then Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Sheikh Abdullah, which extended Indian citizenship to the ‘State subjects’ of Jammu and Kashmir.The Presidential Order was issued under Article 370 (1) (d) of the Constitution. This provision allows the President to make certain “exceptions and modifications” to the Constitution for the benefit of ‘State subjects’ of Jammu and Kashmir.So Article 35A was added to the Constitution as a testimony of the special consideration the Indian government accorded to the ‘permanent residents’ of Jammu and Kashmir.The parliamentary route of lawmaking was bypassed when the President incorporated Article 35A into the Constitution. Article 368 (i) of the Constitution empowers only Parliament to amend the Constitution.A five-judge Bench of the Supreme Court in its March 1961 judgment in Puranlal Lakhanpal vs. The President of India discusses the President’s powers under Article 370 to ‘modify’ the Constitution.Though the court observes that the President may modify an existing provision in the Constitution under Article 370, the judgment is silent as to whether the President can, without the Parliament’s knowledge, introduce a new Article. This question remains open.A writ petition filed by NGO We the Citizens challenges the validity of both Article 35A and Article 370.It argues that four representatives from Kashmir were part of the Constituent Assembly involved in the drafting of the Constitution and the State of Jammu and Kashmir was never accorded any special status in the Constitution.Article 370 was only a ‘temporary provision’ to help bring normality in Jammu and Kashmir and strengthen democracy in that State, it contends. The Constitution-makers did not intend Article 370 to be a tool to bring permanent amendments, like Article 35A, in the Constitution.Attorney-General K.K. Venugopal has called for a debate in the Supreme Court on the sensitive subject.Recently, a Supreme Court Bench, led by Justice Dipak Misra, tagged the Khanna petition with the We the Citizens case, which has been referred to a three-judge Bench.The court has indicated that the validity of Articles 35A and 370 may ultimately be decided by a Constitution Bench.
https://t.me/UPSC_18
Article 35A is a provision incorporated in the Constitution giving the Jammu and Kashmir Legislature a carte blanche to decide who all are ‘permanent residents’ of the State.It confers on them special rights and privileges in public sector jobs, acquisition of property in the State, scholarships and other public aid and welfare.The provision mandates that no act of the legislature coming under it can be challenged for violating the Constitution or any other law of the land.Article 35A was incorporated into the Constitution in 1954 by an order of the then President Rajendra Prasad on the advice of the Jawaharlal Nehru Cabinet.The controversial Constitution Order of 1954 followed the 1952 Delhi Agreement entered into between Nehru and the then Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Sheikh Abdullah, which extended Indian citizenship to the ‘State subjects’ of Jammu and Kashmir.The Presidential Order was issued under Article 370 (1) (d) of the Constitution. This provision allows the President to make certain “exceptions and modifications” to the Constitution for the benefit of ‘State subjects’ of Jammu and Kashmir.So Article 35A was added to the Constitution as a testimony of the special consideration the Indian government accorded to the ‘permanent residents’ of Jammu and Kashmir.The parliamentary route of lawmaking was bypassed when the President incorporated Article 35A into the Constitution. Article 368 (i) of the Constitution empowers only Parliament to amend the Constitution.A five-judge Bench of the Supreme Court in its March 1961 judgment in Puranlal Lakhanpal vs. The President of India discusses the President’s powers under Article 370 to ‘modify’ the Constitution.Though the court observes that the President may modify an existing provision in the Constitution under Article 370, the judgment is silent as to whether the President can, without the Parliament’s knowledge, introduce a new Article. This question remains open.A writ petition filed by NGO We the Citizens challenges the validity of both Article 35A and Article 370.It argues that four representatives from Kashmir were part of the Constituent Assembly involved in the drafting of the Constitution and the State of Jammu and Kashmir was never accorded any special status in the Constitution.Article 370 was only a ‘temporary provision’ to help bring normality in Jammu and Kashmir and strengthen democracy in that State, it contends. The Constitution-makers did not intend Article 370 to be a tool to bring permanent amendments, like Article 35A, in the Constitution.Attorney-General K.K. Venugopal has called for a debate in the Supreme Court on the sensitive subject.Recently, a Supreme Court Bench, led by Justice Dipak Misra, tagged the Khanna petition with the We the Citizens case, which has been referred to a three-judge Bench.The court has indicated that the validity of Articles 35A and 370 may ultimately be decided by a Constitution Bench.