How does the blood type work?

The test to determine your blood group is called ABO typing. Your blood sample is mixed with antibodies against type A and B blood. Then, the sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells stick together. If blood cells stick together, it means the blood reacted with one of the antibodies.

Blood typing procedure:

•Mix! First mix the patient's blood with three different reagents including either of the three different antibodies, A, B or Rh antibodies!

•Look for agglutination!

•Then you take a look at what has happened.

•Figure out the ABO blood group!

•Figure out the Rh blood group!

•Figure out the blood type!

Replacement Satellite
 ISRO will soon launch a replacement navigation satellite fitted with corrected atomic clocks
Why: Due to the malfunctioning of the IRNSS-1A because of its atomic clock
This satellite will be a part of NAViC
What is NAViC?
 NAViC or Navigation Indian Constellation, is India’s own GPS-like system to give accurate information about location and time of persons or objects
It is same as the older U.S. Global Positioning System or Russia’s GLONASS
Is IRNSS-1A not working?
The troubled 1A can still send low-powered messages and weather data that are useful to fishermen
But it cannot be used in NAViC due to its malfunctioning clock

Atomic Clocks

An atomic clock is a clock device that uses an electron transition frequency in the microwave, optical, or ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum of atoms as a frequency standard for its timekeeping element
Atomic clocks are the most accurate time and frequency standards known, and are used as primary standards for international time distribution services, to control the wave frequency of television broadcasts, and in global navigation satellite systems such as GPS.

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Define the following terms 1. Isohyets 2. Isobars 3. Isothems 4. Isohels 5.Weathering 6.Deposition 7.Mudflow?

1. Isohyets a line on a map or chart connecting areas of equal rainfall.
2. An imaginary line or a line on a map or chart connecting or marking places of equal barometric pressure .
3.Isotherm (contour line) – a type of contour line that connects points of equal temperature at a given date or time on a geographic map 
4. It is a line of equal or constant solar radiation . 
5. The breaking down of rocks, soils and minerals as well as artificial materials through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, biota and waters. 
6. (Aerosol Physics), a process where aerosol particles set down onto surfaces, (physics), the process of gas transformation into solid,(chemistry), molecules settling out of a solution.
7. The most rapid (up to 80 km/h, or 50 mph) and fluid type of downhill mass wasting. It is a rapid movement of a large mass of mud formed from loose soil and water.

TOI

Starting from 10.52pm, the full moon will enter the Earth's shadow in space and create a spectacular celestial phenomenon, which is commonly known as partial lunar eclipse. This will be the first properly visible lunar eclipse this year," Debiprosad Duari, Director Research and Academic, M P Birla Planetarium, said.


"On February 11 this year there was a penumbral eclipse of the moon. It was an event where the moon passed not through the direct shadow of the earth but through its periphery and thus it could not be discernible by most of the population," he said.

"The partial lunar eclipse this time would be visible from the whole of Asia and Australia and most parts of Europe and Africa," Duari said adding, "People in North and South America will be not be able to see it because it will be daytime there."

The lunar eclipse will start at around 10.52pm on Monday night (August 7) and will continue till 00.48am IST.

"The greatest eclipse, that is when the moon will be covered to the maximum extent will be around 11.50pm. The magnitude of the eclipse, which means the fraction of the lunar diameter, will be eclipsed at the greatest eclipse moment at around 0.25 magnitude. The duration of the eclipse will be around 1 hour 55 minutes." he said.

"In India, the entire total eclipse will be visible from every place. For Kolkata the moonrise will be around 5.58pm and it will be setting on 4.34am next day," Duari said.

A lunar eclipse takes place only at full moon. When the sun, earth and moon come in a perfect straight line and as the Sun's rays falls on the Earth and its (Earth's) shadow falls onto a patch of space and the moon enters that patch a lunar eclipse is seen, he said.

The shadow is composed of two cone-shaped parts, one nested inside the other. The outer shadow or penumbra is a zone where Earth shadow is partial and blocks some, but not all of the Sun's rays.

In contrast, the inner shadow or umbra is a region where Earth blocks all direct sunlight from reaching the Moon. It is only when a part of the Moon passes through the umbra, a partial lunar eclipse is seen.

If the entire Moon passes through the umbral shadow, then a total eclipse of the Moon will be possible.

The next lunar eclipse will be on January 31, 2018, and it will be total. It will also be visible from all parts of the Indian sub-continent, Duari said.

"Lunar eclipses are completely safe to view with the naked eye. No special filters are required to protect your eyes like those used for solar eclipses. One does not need a telescope to watch the eclipse, although a good pair of binoculars will enhance the experience," he said.

"The sky permitting, since it is the rainy season and the sky remains overcast most of the time, it will be an wonderful opportunity to experience this celestial event and to take photographs if possible," he added.

Why do people celebrate Yom Kippur?
Yom Kippur—the Day of Atonement—is considered the most important holiday in the Jewish faith. Falling in the month of Tishrei (September or October in the Gregorian calendar), it marks the culmination of the 10 Days of Awe, a period of introspection and repentance that follows Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish New Year.

Yom Kippur War


On October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt, with support from other Arab nations, launched a surprise attack on Israel, on Yom Kippur. This renewal of hostilities in the Arab–Israeli conflict released the underlying economic pressure on oil prices. At the time, Iran was the world's second-largest oil exporter and a close US ally. Weeks later, the Shah of Iran said in an interview: "Of course [the price of oil] is going to rise... Certainly! And how!... You've [Western nations] increased the price of the wheat you sell us by 300 percent, and the same for sugar and cement... You buy our crude oil and sell it back to us, refined as petrochemicals, at a hundred times the price you've paid us... It's only fair that, from now on, you should pay more for oil. Let's say ten times more."

On October 12, 1973, US president Richard Nixon authorized Operation Nickel Grass, a strategic airlift to deliver weapons and supplies to Israel, after the Soviet Union began sending arms to Syria and Egypt.

The Vedaranyam March (also called the Vedaranyam Satyagraha) was a framework of the nonviolent civil disobedience movement in British India. Modeled on the lines of Dandi March, which was led by Mahatma Gandhi on the western coast of India the month before, it was organised to protest the salt tax imposed by the British Raj in the colonial India.

C. Rajagopalachari, a close associate of Gandhi, led the march which had close to 150 volunteers, most of whom belonged to the Indian National Congress. It began at Trichinopoly (now Tiruchirappalli) on 13 April 1930 and proceeded for about 150 miles towards the east before culminating at Vedaranyam, a small coastal town in the then Tanjore District. By collecting salt directly from the sea the marchers broke the salt law. As a part of the march, Rajagopalachari created awareness among the people by highlighting the importance of khādī as well as social issues like caste discrimination. The campaign came to an end on 28 April 1930 when the participants were arrested by the police. Its leader Rajagopalachari was imprisoned for six months. The march along with the ones at Dandi and Dharasana drew worldwide attention to the Indian independence movement.

What happened during the Boston Massacre in 1770?

Boston Massacre. Tensions between the American colonists and the British were already running high in the early spring of 1770. Late in the afternoon, on March 5, a crowd of jeering Bostonians slinging snowballs gathered around a small group of British soldiers guarding the Boston Customs House.

What is the Treaty of Locarno?
Pact of Locarno, (Dec. 1, 1925), series of agreements whereby Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain, and Italy mutually guaranteed peace in western Europe. The treaties were initialed at Locarno, Switz., on October 16 and signed in London on December 1.

According to the proposed law, factories employing even a single worker will have to contribute towards social security benefits. Also, even households employing domestic help will also have contribute towards schemes including provident fund and gratuity for the worker. Self-employed persons, including agricultural labourers, will also make contribution towards the schemes on their own.

Significantly, casual, part-time or self-employed workers earning less than the stipulated minimum wages will not have to pay any contribution towards the social security schemes but will be entitled to these benefits through a fund set up by the government, according to another proposal.

The existing social security schemes have a limited reach due to application of thresholds based on income and number of workers in a factory. For instance, the provident fund and pension contribution, administered by the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO), is mandatory only for factories employing at least 20 workers.

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Send the answer to me i'll evaluate for you.
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1⃣ Can religion form a sufficient basis of forming cultural identity in India? Comment (250 Words)
2⃣ Do you agree with the view that Citizens’ Charters in India have not succeeded in their objective of making the administrative system citizen-centric? Analyze and give your suggestions in this regard. (250 Words)
3⃣ “The Struggle to political democracy has been an arduous struggle throughout – in its generation, formulation, preservation and expansion” Elucidate with respect to significant events in world history. (250 words)

➕What are the problems faced in implementing the citizen charters? How can they be implemented effectively?

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🛠 Why Kashmiris want a fair probe into the killings of Pandits, prosecution of guilty
A J&K Police survey found 209 Kashmiri Pandits were killed by militants since 1989, leading to the registration of 140 cases in police stations across the Valley. Years later, chargesheets had been filed in only 24 cases. The festering wound of Pandit migration has remained a reason why even genuine political demands of Kashmiri Muslims continue to be viewed through a communal prism.
When the Supreme Court last month rejected a petition seeking the reopening and investigation of the killings of several hundred Kashmiri Pandits by militants since the beginning of the insurgency in Kashmir, a chance was missed to dispense long-awaited justice to the victims. Such a probe could have worked towards ascertaining the facts, identifying and prosecuting the perpetrators of the violence against the Kashmiri Pandits, and help to begin a process of reconciliation in Kashmiri society.
The petition, filed by the Kashmiri Pandit organisation Roots in Kashmir, had sought the “transfer of all the FIRs/cases pertaining to murders of Kashmiri Pandits” out of Jammu & Kashmir, and their handling by “some other independent investigating agency like CBI or NIA… as till date, J&K Police has failed miserably to make any progress in hundreds of FIRs lying pending with them for more then 26 years”.
A Bench comprising Chief Justice of India J S Khehar and Justice D Y Chandrachud dismissed the plea, saying that 27 years had passed since the Pandit exodus from the Valley, and evidence “is unlikely to be available”.
**
Reacting to the dismissal of the petition, the Jammu Kashmir Coalition of Civil Society (JKCCS), a well known Kashmiri human rights organisation, said in a statement that the “Supreme Court order is a complete departure from established law that ‘crime never dies’, and there exists no time limitation for justice under Indian and international law with regard to serious crimes such as murder”.
The “killings of Kashmiri Pandits, other minorities and all violence in Jammu and Kashmir have never been fairly and credibly investigated. Thus far, Jammu and Kashmir has faced widespread, systematic and systemic violence, largely at the hands of the Indian State,” the JKCCS statement said. “To date, despite the presence of evidence, virtually no prosecutions have been conducted against armed forces personnel in civilian courts.”
The JKCCS also said that the (SC) “order is based, it appears, on an absolutely unsubstantiated presumption that no evidence is likely to be available after the passage of time”.
According to the organisation, the SC “order exonerates the State and its agencies that have chosen to protect the perpetrators of crime and have not allowed fair and credible investigations, thereby creating deterrence to families approaching courts.
“The delay is not attributable to victim families, many of whom have consistently sought to use all available forums to struggle for justice. Some victim families have not pursued cases due to the real fear and danger that seeking justice involves. It is the State, of which the judiciary has been a part, which has ensured delay and denial of justice.”
**
A report compiled by the Jammu and Kashmir Police in 2008 on the basis of a survey of its own cases revealed that 1989 onwards, militants had killed 209 Kashmiri Pandits — 109 of them in 1990 alone. One hundred and forty cases were registered at police stations across the Valley, chargesheets had been filed in 24 cases, while in 115, the perpetrators were yet to be identified. Thirty one local militants had been booked in the 24 cases of killings of Pandits in which chargesheets had been filed, police said.
The investigation into the killing of retired judge Neel Kanth Ganju on November 1, 1989 at Hari Singh High Street in Srinagar, has been handed over to the Central Bureau of Investigation. Ganju had passed the death sentence on Maqbool Bhat, founder of the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front.

According to J&K Police records, the first Kashmiri Pandit to be murdered was a woman named Prabhavati, from Nawagari, Chadoora, in Budgam district. Prabhavati, police records say, was killed at Hari Singh High Street on March 14, 1989. Her killers were never traced.
The police statistics on the killings of Kashmiri Pandits by militants include the Sangrampora, Wandhama and Nadimarg massacres. Seven Pandits were killed during the intervening night of March 21-22, 1997 at Sangrampora village in Budgam; 23 were killed in Wandhama on January 25, 1998; 24 were killed at Nadimarg village on March 24, 2003.
The perpetrators of the Wandhama massacre remain untraced, the police report said. Police, however, identified Pakistani militants Abu Haris and Abu Khalid as the perpetrators of the Sangrampora massacre. Both militants were killed in an encounter at Hewader on March 24, 1997. The Nadimarg killings had been carried out by Zai Mustafa alias Abdullah of Rawalakot, Pakistan, police said.
**

In Srinagar city, 82 persons belonging to the minority community were killed, the police report said. Twenty eight each were killed in Ganderbal and Pulwama, 17 in Kulgam, 16 each in Budgam and Anantnag, 11 in Baramulla, four each in Kupwara and Handwara, and three in Awantipora.
In March 2010, the government of Chief Minister Omar Abdullah told the Jammu and Kashmir Assembly that 219 Kashmiri Pandits had been killed by militants since 1989. The then Revenue Minister Raman Bhalla told the Assembly that a total 38,119 families, comprising 1,42,042 individuals, had migrated from the Valley due to the turmoil. The bulk of the migrating families — 24,202 — were Kashmiri Pandit, Bhalla said.
In 2011, Kashmiri Pandit Sangarsh Samiti (KPSS), a Kashmiri Pandit organisation based in Srinagar, said at least 399 Pandits had been killed since 1990 — 75% of them in the first year itself.
“The first list of a survey done by us suggests that 399 Pandits were killed. Our estimate is that the total number of them killed will be around 650 in the last 20 years,” KPSS president Sanjay Tickoo had said.
A senior leader of the ruling PDP told The Indian Express that a “comprehensive probe into all the killings of Kashmiri Pandits by militants during the 1990s would have helped to heal this festering wound in our society.
“And had such a probe been conducted in a free and fair manner, it would have helped begin true reconciliation within our society,” the leader added.
**
The unresolved issue of the migration of the Pandits, a minuscule but hugely important part of Kashmiri society, has remained a reason why even genuine political demands of the majority community continue to be viewed through a communal prism. A large number of Kashmiri Muslims feel there has been a consistent campaign to tarnish the image of the entire community without a proper investigation into the events of 27 years ago, which led to the mass migration of Pandit families from their homes. The general feeling in Kashmir is in favour of a credible investigation that would lead to the identification of the perpetrators and their prosecution, justice for victims, and ultimately bring closure.
The lack of enthusiasm from the central government to act along these lines is ironic because the Sangh Parivar has used the Pandit migration as a political tool to polarise Indian society at large, as well as to push a militaristic approach to the Kashmir issue. A fair probe and prosecution of the guilty would halt further politicisation of one of the tragic chapters of Kashmir’s recent history.

💎 ‘Mughalsarai’ off railway map: ‘What’s in a name change?
A political project, push for a wider iconography
The life and philosophy of Deen Dayal Upadhyay has been celebrated since the BJP came to power at the Centre in 2014, and gained momentum after the party’s triumph in the UP Assembly elections earlier this year.

✔️
Friday’s protests in Rajya Sabha over renaming Mughalsarai Junction railway station after Deen Dayal Upadhyay notwithstanding, this is not the first example of such political editing of history, and it is unlikely to be the last. Parties in power across the country have done this routinely — most recently, Aurangzeb Road in New Delhi was renamed after former President Dr A P J Abdul Kalam.
The life and philosophy of Deen Dayal Upadhyay has been celebrated since the BJP came to power at the Centre in 2014, and gained momentum after the party’s triumph in the UP Assembly elections earlier this year. A yearlong celebration of Upadhyay’s birth centenary began in September 2016 and will conclude next month. Upadhyay, who was closely associated with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, co-founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh in 1951, which was re-born as the Bharatiya Janata Party in 1980. Upadhyay was found dead at Mughalsarai railway station in 1968, and sections of the Sangh Parivar have expressed suspicions over the reason for his death.
☑️ Before Mughalsarai, Farah town near Mathura, close to where Upadhyay was born, was named after him. The new civil terminal at Agra’s Air Force airport will also be named after the Sangh and BJP icon. The civil terminal at Gorakhpur will be named after Gorakhnath, the 11th century yogi, of whose temple Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath is the mahant.
The political project of changing names was taken up aggressively by Bahujan Samaj Party chief Mayawati during her tenures as Chief Minister of UP. A dozen districts got the names of Dalit icons the BSP cherishes: Ambedkar Nagar (Akbarpur), Bhim Nagar (Sambhal), Rama Bai Nagar (Kanpur Dehat), Kanshiram Nagar (Kasganj), Gautam Buddha Nagar (NOIDA), Jyotiba Phule Nagar (Amroha), Sant Ravi Das Nagar (Bhadohi) Sant Kabir Nagar (Khalilabad), Mahamaya Nagar (Hathras), Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Nagar (Amethi), Prabuddh Nagar (Shamli) and Panchsheel Nagar (Hapur). While the BJP has been criticised for attempting to paint over the legacy of the Mughals in renaming Mughalsarai and Farah, Mayawati too superimposed her Dalit iconography on old, established names of Hindustani language and culture.
The Samajwadi Party, BSP’s rival in UP, largely did not create its own set of new names, but chose to turn the clock back on some of the changes that Mayawati made. Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav reverted to original names such as Amroha, Sambhal, Hapur, Shamli, Kasganj, Hathras and Amethi — the restoration of Hindustani names was the SP’s way to reassure its substantial Urdu-speaking base. During his time as Chief Minister, Mulayam Singh Yadav had created two districts named after historical places associated with The Buddha — Kushinagar and Siddharthanagar. Mulayam did not impose the icons of his own socialist ideology on established names of places.
🔻Goods Train Detached From Engine Drags Tractor Working On Railway Tracks

Under Mayawati, habitation development schemes for areas with substantial Dalit populations were named after Babasaheb Ambedkar (villages) and Kanshi Ram (urban). Akhilesh broke with his father’s policy and gave the names of socialist icons Ram Manohar Lohia and Janeshwar Mishra to schemes of village development. Mayawati built parks and memorials named after Ambedkar, Ramabai Ambedkar and Kanshi Ram; the SP created its own Lohia Park and Janeshwar Mishra Park in Lucknow.

The renaming of the Farah and Mughalsarai stations after Deen Dayal Upadhyay is in line with the BJP’s larger political project of broadbasing its icons and establishing them in a wider Indian consciousness. The party has always felt that the Congress utilised the iconography of the stalwarts of India’s freedom movement in its post-Independence politics. It has now framed its response along two lines that converge at the end — the first, aimed at diluting the political capital of the Nehru-Gandhi family by aggressively promoting the iconography of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Ambedkar, Lohia, Jay Prakash Narayan and Madan Mohan Malviya, who were in many ways ignored by the Congress; the second, intended to build up a new iconography of figures such as Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Upadhyay and Syama Prasad Mookerjee, whose appeal has so far been largely restricted to ideological and political circles affiliated with the Sangh Parivar.
🔺 The renaming of Farah and Mughalsarai should be seen in this context. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has led this political project from the front. In his speeches, he has clubbed Mahatma Gandhi, Lohia and Upadhyay in a troika of Indian political thought leaders of the last century. The exclusion of Jawaharlal Nehru has been obvious, as has been the attempt to appeal to the socialist strand of Indian political thought.

9th August 2017

Economic Times

Ø  Trai to start consultation process on data ownership
Ø  Commercial realty buyer can drag co to bankruptcy court
Ø  Telcos failed to meet consumer satisfaction: Trai
Ø  I-T dept detects Rs 13,715 crore undisclosed income
Ø  Govt spending rises 27% to Rs 6.5L cr in Q1 FY18: FM
Ø  Normal rainfall in second half of monsoon season: IMD
Ø  Over 1.62 lakh companies deregistered till July 12: Govt

 Business Standard

Ø  Sebi whip on trading in 331 'shell companies' blocks investors' Rs 9,000 cr
Ø  CAG raps BHEL for being obsolete and inefficient
Ø  HDFC Bank looks at refinancing to build corporate loan book
Ø  Defence ministry nod to ease Tata Steel's Subarnarekha port acquisition
Ø  Pawan Hans employee union urges PMO to merge company with ONGC
Ø  NCLT reserves order in Era Infra case over pending petitions in Delhi HC

Business Line

Ø Chandrasekaran defends Corus buyout
Ø  Idea Cellular files merger application before NCLT
Ø  Axis Bank cuts savings account interest rate by 50 bps
Ø  Titan partners with Amazon to foray into US market 
Ø  NTPC will not acquire any stressed assets: Piyush Goyal 
Ø  Tata Motors global sales grow 12% in July

 Mint

Ø  Tata Steel’s outlook pinned on China’s appetite for steel
Ø  RIL said to plan refinancing as $12 billion debt matures
Ø  PNB puts 9 large stressed accounts under insolvency and bankruptcy resolution
Ø  Abbott India Q1 profit down 35% at Rs48 crore
Ø  Future Retail Q1 profit more than doubles to Rs147.85 cr
Ø  Britannia Q1 profit falls 1.4% to Rs216 crore on GST impact

Financial Express

Ø  Big names figure among shell firm list; Companies deny tag
Ø  Tata Chemicals Q1 profit down 53% at Rs 298 crore
Ø  Govt plans to allow extra 200,000 tonnes duty-free sugar imports: Source
Ø  Businesses can file returns, pay taxes for July on GST Network portal

 Financial Chronicle

Ø  Sensex sinks 260 pts, Nifty ends below 10k on Sebi order
Ø  Online travel agents liable to deduct TCS under GST: CBEC
Ø  Bajaj Auto, Triumph announce global partnership
Ø  Govt may shift to fixed subsidy for PDS kerosene, LPG cylinders.