PIL rejected
#KARPATHUIAS
@UPSC_18
Supreme couert rejected a public interest litigation petition suggesting fresh elections whenever the public chose overwhelmingly the “None of the Above” (NOTA) option
The court said a voter had the right to express his dissent by staying at home
Arguments put forward by SC
Let us say the highest percentage of votes polled by a candidate is 40 and the rest goes to NOTA
Does this mean we subject this candidate to another election
This means there should be an election each time a candidate gets less than 51% of the votes polled
Saying this will be crossing a constitutional barricade
NOTA option
“None Of The Above”, or NOTA for short, also known as “against all” or a “scratch” vote, is a ballot option in some jurisdictions or organizations, designed to allow the voter to indicate disapproval of all of the candidates in a voting system
It is based on the principle that consent requires the ability to withhold consent in an election, just as they can by voting “No” on ballot questions
When “None of the Above” is listed on a ballot, there is the possibility of NOTA receiving a majority or plurality of the vote, and so “winning” the election
In such a case, a variety of formal procedures may be invoked, including having the office remain vacant, having the office filled by appointment, re-opening nominations or holding another election (in a body operating under parliamentary procedure), or it may have no effect whatsoever, as in India.
#KARPATHUIAS
@UPSC_18
Supreme couert rejected a public interest litigation petition suggesting fresh elections whenever the public chose overwhelmingly the “None of the Above” (NOTA) option
The court said a voter had the right to express his dissent by staying at home
Arguments put forward by SC
Let us say the highest percentage of votes polled by a candidate is 40 and the rest goes to NOTA
Does this mean we subject this candidate to another election
This means there should be an election each time a candidate gets less than 51% of the votes polled
Saying this will be crossing a constitutional barricade
NOTA option
“None Of The Above”, or NOTA for short, also known as “against all” or a “scratch” vote, is a ballot option in some jurisdictions or organizations, designed to allow the voter to indicate disapproval of all of the candidates in a voting system
It is based on the principle that consent requires the ability to withhold consent in an election, just as they can by voting “No” on ballot questions
When “None of the Above” is listed on a ballot, there is the possibility of NOTA receiving a majority or plurality of the vote, and so “winning” the election
In such a case, a variety of formal procedures may be invoked, including having the office remain vacant, having the office filled by appointment, re-opening nominations or holding another election (in a body operating under parliamentary procedure), or it may have no effect whatsoever, as in India.
What is NMR Spectroscopy?
@UPSC_18
@UPSC_2018
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopyor magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a research technique that exploits the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei. This type of spectroscopy determines the physical and chemical properties of atoms or the molecules in which they are contained. It relies on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance and can provide detailed information about the structure, dynamics, reaction state, and chemical environment of molecules. The intramolecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonance frequency, thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of a molecule and its individual functional groups.
Why is an Atlas called so?
The mythological creature Atlas is often associated, and pictured, on atlases. Atlas was a giant (called a Titan) who was forced to carry the Earth and the heavens (usually pictured as a sphere) on his back. An atlas is a book or collection of maps. They depended on atlases to guide them through unfamiliar territory.
@UPSC_18
@UPSC_2018
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopyor magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), is a research technique that exploits the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei. This type of spectroscopy determines the physical and chemical properties of atoms or the molecules in which they are contained. It relies on the phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance and can provide detailed information about the structure, dynamics, reaction state, and chemical environment of molecules. The intramolecular magnetic field around an atom in a molecule changes the resonance frequency, thus giving access to details of the electronic structure of a molecule and its individual functional groups.
Why is an Atlas called so?
The mythological creature Atlas is often associated, and pictured, on atlases. Atlas was a giant (called a Titan) who was forced to carry the Earth and the heavens (usually pictured as a sphere) on his back. An atlas is a book or collection of maps. They depended on atlases to guide them through unfamiliar territory.
About Open market operations:
Open market operations are conducted by the RBI by way of sale or purchase of government securities (g-secs) to adjust money supply conditions.The central bank sells g-secs to suck out liquidity from the system and buys back g-secs to infuse liquidity into the system.These operations are often conducted on a day-to-day basis in a manner that balances inflation while helping banks continue to lend.The RBI uses OMO along with other monetary policy tools such as repo rate, cash reserve ratio and statutory liquidity ratio to adjust the quantum and price of money in the system.
Join 🔜 t.me/UPSC_2018
About Masala Bonds:
The Masala bonds refer to rupee-denominated bonds through which Indian entities can raise money from foreign markets in rupee, and not in foreign currency.
Basically, they are debt instruments that are typically used by corporates to raise money from investors.
The issuance of rupee denominated bonds, Indian entity is protected against the risk of currency fluctuation, typically associated with borrowing in foreign currency.
Masala bonds also help in internationalization of the rupee and in expansion of the Indian bond markets.
Foreign Exchange Reserve.
The components of India’s Foreign Exchange Reserves include: Foreign currency assets (FCAs), Gold, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), RBI’s Reserve position with International Monetary Fund (IMF).
FCAs constitute the largest component of the Forex Reserves. It also comprises of investments in US Treasury bonds, bonds of other selected governments, deposits with foreign central and commercial banks.
About Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB):
China is the largest shareholder with 26.06% voting shares. India is the second largest shareholder with 7.5% voting shares followed by Russia 5.93% and Germany with 4.5%.
More about AIIB
AIIB is a multilateral development bank backed by China and is seen as a rival to the World Bank and Asian Development Bank (ADB).The bank started to function in January 2016.The bank was established to fund various infrastructure projects including energy, transportation, urban construction and logistics as well as education and healthcare in Asia-Pacific region.
Join 🔜 @UPSC_18
Market Intervention Scheme
Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) is a price support mechanism implemented on the request of State Governments for procurement of perishable and horticultural commodities in the event of a fall in market prices. The Scheme is implemented when there is at least 10% increase in production or 10% decrease in the ruling rates over the previous normal year.
Market Intervention Scheme works in a similar fashion to Minimum Support Price based procurement mechanism for food grains, but is an adhoc mechanism.
Join 🔜 t.me/UPSC_2018
Proposal of MIS is approved on the specific request of State/Union Territory (UT) Government, if the State/UT Government is ready to bear 50% loss (25% in case of North-Eastern States), if any, incurred on its implementation. Further, the extent of total amount of loss shared is restricted to 25% of the total procurement value which includes cost of the commodity procured plus permitted overhead expenses.
The Department of Agriculture & Cooperation is implementing the scheme. Under MIS, funds are not allocated to the States. Instead, central share of losses as per the guidelines of MIS is released to the State Governments/UTs, for which MIS has been approved, based on specific proposals received from them.
Join 🔜 @UPSC_18
Disinflation
Disinflation is a slowing in the rate of price inflation.
It is used to describe instances when the inflation rate has reduced marginally over the short term.
Although it is used to describe periods of slowing inflation, disinflation should not be confused with deflation, which can be harmful to the economy.
When the overall price level decreases so that inflation rate becomes negative, it is called deflation.
It is the opposite of the often-encountered inflation.
Open market operations are conducted by the RBI by way of sale or purchase of government securities (g-secs) to adjust money supply conditions.The central bank sells g-secs to suck out liquidity from the system and buys back g-secs to infuse liquidity into the system.These operations are often conducted on a day-to-day basis in a manner that balances inflation while helping banks continue to lend.The RBI uses OMO along with other monetary policy tools such as repo rate, cash reserve ratio and statutory liquidity ratio to adjust the quantum and price of money in the system.
Join 🔜 t.me/UPSC_2018
About Masala Bonds:
The Masala bonds refer to rupee-denominated bonds through which Indian entities can raise money from foreign markets in rupee, and not in foreign currency.
Basically, they are debt instruments that are typically used by corporates to raise money from investors.
The issuance of rupee denominated bonds, Indian entity is protected against the risk of currency fluctuation, typically associated with borrowing in foreign currency.
Masala bonds also help in internationalization of the rupee and in expansion of the Indian bond markets.
Foreign Exchange Reserve.
The components of India’s Foreign Exchange Reserves include: Foreign currency assets (FCAs), Gold, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), RBI’s Reserve position with International Monetary Fund (IMF).
FCAs constitute the largest component of the Forex Reserves. It also comprises of investments in US Treasury bonds, bonds of other selected governments, deposits with foreign central and commercial banks.
About Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB):
China is the largest shareholder with 26.06% voting shares. India is the second largest shareholder with 7.5% voting shares followed by Russia 5.93% and Germany with 4.5%.
More about AIIB
AIIB is a multilateral development bank backed by China and is seen as a rival to the World Bank and Asian Development Bank (ADB).The bank started to function in January 2016.The bank was established to fund various infrastructure projects including energy, transportation, urban construction and logistics as well as education and healthcare in Asia-Pacific region.
Join 🔜 @UPSC_18
Market Intervention Scheme
Market Intervention Scheme (MIS) is a price support mechanism implemented on the request of State Governments for procurement of perishable and horticultural commodities in the event of a fall in market prices. The Scheme is implemented when there is at least 10% increase in production or 10% decrease in the ruling rates over the previous normal year.
Market Intervention Scheme works in a similar fashion to Minimum Support Price based procurement mechanism for food grains, but is an adhoc mechanism.
Join 🔜 t.me/UPSC_2018
Proposal of MIS is approved on the specific request of State/Union Territory (UT) Government, if the State/UT Government is ready to bear 50% loss (25% in case of North-Eastern States), if any, incurred on its implementation. Further, the extent of total amount of loss shared is restricted to 25% of the total procurement value which includes cost of the commodity procured plus permitted overhead expenses.
The Department of Agriculture & Cooperation is implementing the scheme. Under MIS, funds are not allocated to the States. Instead, central share of losses as per the guidelines of MIS is released to the State Governments/UTs, for which MIS has been approved, based on specific proposals received from them.
Join 🔜 @UPSC_18
Disinflation
Disinflation is a slowing in the rate of price inflation.
It is used to describe instances when the inflation rate has reduced marginally over the short term.
Although it is used to describe periods of slowing inflation, disinflation should not be confused with deflation, which can be harmful to the economy.
When the overall price level decreases so that inflation rate becomes negative, it is called deflation.
It is the opposite of the often-encountered inflation.
Telegram
Dr. Ashok Sharma
Why did Barren Island volcano erupt again?
@UPSC_18
@UPSC_2018
India’s only active volcano — the Barren Island volcano — in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is again spewing lava and ash.
The volcano is erupting in small episodes lasting 5-10 minutes, fairly benign.
Know about the Barren Island very important for prelims. Revise your basics on vulcanism from physical geography book- such geography questions are being asked in mains directly & also needed for prelims.
🔴 The Barren Island:
🔘 The Barren Island, about 140 km from Port Blair, is a tourist destination and surrounded by waters ideal for scuba diving and is home to a wide variety of aquatic life.
🔘 The island is open to visitors, with prior permission.
🔘 As the name suggests is uninhabited and devoid of any significant vegetation.
🔘 It’s the only active volcano along a chain of volcanoes from Sumatra to Myanmar.
🔘 The 354-metre-high island is the emergent summit of a volcano that rises from a depth of 2,250 m.
🔘 The small, uninhabited 3-km-wide island contains a roughly 2-km wide caldera (a volcanic crater) with walls 250-350 metres high.
🔴 History of eruptions:
🛑 The first record of the volcano’s eruption dates back to 1787.
🛑 It was known to have erupted at least five times over the next 100 years. Then there was silence for a century.
🛑In 1991, it spewed so massively that smoke billowed out for about six months.
🛑 Ever since, there have been eruptions every two-three years, the last in February 2016.
🛑All of these recorded eruptions lie on the lowest end of the so-called Volcanic Explosivity Index that ranks volcanoes from 1-8 based on the quantity of volcanic material spewed and the strength with which it does so.
🛑The latest eruption was a mere ‘2’ on the scale.
⭕️Detailed studies:
Have shown that the volcano first erupted 1.6 million years ago and sits on a 106-million-year-old crust.
However benign this may seem, the renewed volcanic activity over the past few decades has some scientists worried about the amount of unreleased pressure stored in the continental plates that support the volcano.
An eruption in 2005 was linked to the previous year’s Indonesia-Sumatra earthquake that triggered the destructive tsunami that ravaged India’s southern coast.
In 1991, the volcano’s eruption was catastrophic for several animal species.
According to a report from the Geological Survey of India, a scientific team visited Barren Island on April 8-9, 1993, to assess the impact of the 1991 eruption on the distribution, habit, and abundance of fauna
Gas emissions still seemed to be oozing.
The eruption reduced the number of bird species and their population. Of the 16 previously reported species, only six were observed, of which the Pied Imperial Pigeon (Ducula bicolor) was the most abundant.
A night survey encountered only one rat species (Rattus rattus) and 51 species of insects from eight orders.
@UPSC_18
@UPSC_2018
India’s only active volcano — the Barren Island volcano — in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is again spewing lava and ash.
The volcano is erupting in small episodes lasting 5-10 minutes, fairly benign.
Know about the Barren Island very important for prelims. Revise your basics on vulcanism from physical geography book- such geography questions are being asked in mains directly & also needed for prelims.
🔴 The Barren Island:
🔘 The Barren Island, about 140 km from Port Blair, is a tourist destination and surrounded by waters ideal for scuba diving and is home to a wide variety of aquatic life.
🔘 The island is open to visitors, with prior permission.
🔘 As the name suggests is uninhabited and devoid of any significant vegetation.
🔘 It’s the only active volcano along a chain of volcanoes from Sumatra to Myanmar.
🔘 The 354-metre-high island is the emergent summit of a volcano that rises from a depth of 2,250 m.
🔘 The small, uninhabited 3-km-wide island contains a roughly 2-km wide caldera (a volcanic crater) with walls 250-350 metres high.
🔴 History of eruptions:
🛑 The first record of the volcano’s eruption dates back to 1787.
🛑 It was known to have erupted at least five times over the next 100 years. Then there was silence for a century.
🛑In 1991, it spewed so massively that smoke billowed out for about six months.
🛑 Ever since, there have been eruptions every two-three years, the last in February 2016.
🛑All of these recorded eruptions lie on the lowest end of the so-called Volcanic Explosivity Index that ranks volcanoes from 1-8 based on the quantity of volcanic material spewed and the strength with which it does so.
🛑The latest eruption was a mere ‘2’ on the scale.
⭕️Detailed studies:
Have shown that the volcano first erupted 1.6 million years ago and sits on a 106-million-year-old crust.
However benign this may seem, the renewed volcanic activity over the past few decades has some scientists worried about the amount of unreleased pressure stored in the continental plates that support the volcano.
An eruption in 2005 was linked to the previous year’s Indonesia-Sumatra earthquake that triggered the destructive tsunami that ravaged India’s southern coast.
In 1991, the volcano’s eruption was catastrophic for several animal species.
According to a report from the Geological Survey of India, a scientific team visited Barren Island on April 8-9, 1993, to assess the impact of the 1991 eruption on the distribution, habit, and abundance of fauna
Gas emissions still seemed to be oozing.
The eruption reduced the number of bird species and their population. Of the 16 previously reported species, only six were observed, of which the Pied Imperial Pigeon (Ducula bicolor) was the most abundant.
A night survey encountered only one rat species (Rattus rattus) and 51 species of insects from eight orders.
What is Abacus?
@UPSC_18
The abacus , also called a counting frame , is a calculating tool used primarily in parts of Asia for performing arithmetic processes.
Today, abaci are often constructed as a
bamboo frame with beads sliding on wires, but originally they were beans or stones
moved in grooves in sand or on tablets of wood, stone, or metal.
The abacus was in use centuries before the adoption of the written modern numeral system and is still widely used by merchants, traders and clerks in Asia , Africa , and elsewhere.
The user of an abacus is called an abacist.
@UPSC_18
The abacus , also called a counting frame , is a calculating tool used primarily in parts of Asia for performing arithmetic processes.
Today, abaci are often constructed as a
bamboo frame with beads sliding on wires, but originally they were beans or stones
moved in grooves in sand or on tablets of wood, stone, or metal.
The abacus was in use centuries before the adoption of the written modern numeral system and is still widely used by merchants, traders and clerks in Asia , Africa , and elsewhere.
The user of an abacus is called an abacist.
Forwarded from Kubendran Mohan
YouTube
7th STD important science topics - DIFFERENT FLORA AND FAUNA
தாவரங்கள் மற்றும் விலங்கினங்கள்
7th standard 7th lesson சூழ்நிலை மண்டலம்.
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7th standard 7th lesson சூழ்நிலை மண்டலம்.
Follow us on
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https://t.me/UPSC_2018
https://karpathuias.blogspot.in
https://www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
https://m.facebook.com/groups/1810…
What is Hawk-Eyes Technology?
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
Hawk-Eye is a complex computer system used officially in numerous sports such as cricket, tennis, Gaelic football, badminton, hurling, Rugby Union, association football and volleyball, to visually track the trajectory of the ball and display a record of its statistically most likely path as a moving image.
www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
Hawk-Eye is a complex computer system used officially in numerous sports such as cricket, tennis, Gaelic football, badminton, hurling, Rugby Union, association football and volleyball, to visually track the trajectory of the ball and display a record of its statistically most likely path as a moving image.
YouTube
Karpathu IAS
Vision : To create learning that accessible, effective, meaningfully and to share our experience and knowledge to our Tamilan brothers and sisters. Mission :...
NATIONAL INCOME FORMULAE
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#KARPATHUIAS
🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧🐧
Karpathu IAS
👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍
1. The excess of imports over exports is called
trade deficit.
2. The excess of exports over imports is called
trade surplus.
3. (NNP FC is the sum total of factor income
earned by normal residents of a country during
the accounting year)
4. GDP =GNP – NIFA
5. GNP = GDP + NIFA
6. NNP = GNP – Depreciation
7. GNP = NNP + Depreciation
8. NDP = NNP – NIFA
9. NNP = NDP + NIFA
10. NDP = GDP – Depreciation
11. GDP = NDP + Deprecation
12. NNP = NDPFC + X-M
13. GNPFC = GNPMP – Net Indirect Taxes
14. NNPMP = GNP bMP – Depreciation
15. GDPMP = GNPMP – NIFA
16. NDPMP = NNPMP – NIFA
17. NNPFC = NNPMP – Net Indirect Taxes
18. GDPFC = GDPMP – Net Indirect Taxes
NDPMP = GDPMP – Depreciation
19. GDPFC = GNPFC – NIFA
20. NNPFC = GNPFC – Depreciation
21. NDPFC = NDPMP – Net Indirect Taxes
22. NDPFC = NNPFC – NIFA
23. NDPFC = GDPFC – Depreciation
24. NNPFC = GNPMP – Depreciation – Net
indirect Taxes
25. GNPFC = NNPMP + Depreciation – Net
Indirect Taxes
26. GNPFC = NNPMP – Net Indirect Taxes +
Depreciation
27. NDPMP = GDP – Capital Consumption
28. NDPFC = NDP – Indirect Taxes + subsidies
29. NDPFC = GDPMP – Depreciation _ Net
Indirect Taxes
30. NDPMP = GNPMP – NIFA – Depreciation
31. GDP FC = GNDMP – NIFA – Net Indirect
Taxes
32. NDPFC = NNPMP – NIFA – Net Indirect
Taxes
33. NDPFC = GNPFC – NIFA – Depreciation
34. NNPMP = NDPFC + NIFA + Net Indirect Taxes
35. GNPMP = NNPFC + Net Indirect Taxes +
Depreciation
36. GNPMP = NNPFC + Depreciation + Net
indirect Taxes
37. GNPFC = NDPFC + NIFA + Depreciation
38. GNPMP = GDPFC + NIFA + Net Indirect Taxes
39. GDPFC = NDPMP – Net Indirect Taxes +
Depreciation
40. GNPMP = NDPMP + NIFA + Depreciation
41. GDPMP = NDPFC + Depreciation + Net Indirect
Taxes
42. GNPFC = GNPMP – Net Indirect Taxes +
subsidies
43. PDI = NI (All Taxes+ Business savings) +
Transfer Payments
44. PDI = PI – Direct Taxes on Persons
45. DPI = PI- Personal Taxes
46. PI = NI – Corporate Income Taxes –
undistributed Corporate Profits – Social Security
Contributions + Transfer Payments
47. NI = NNP – Indirect Taxes + Subsides
48. Real GNP=Nominal GNP/ GNP Deflator
49. Per Capita Real Income=Real National
Income/Size of the Population
50. NDPMP = GNPMP – NIFA –Depreication
51. GNPMP = NDPFC + Net Indirect Taxes + NIFA
+ Depreciation
52. NDPFC = GNPMP – Depreciation – NIFA –
Net Indirect Taxes
53. DPI=PI-Personal taxes
54. GDP Fc = NDP fc + depreciation
55. GDP=C+I+G+(X-M)
56. GDP=GNP - Nx (Net foreign factor income)
57. GNP=NNP+ Depreciation
58. NDP Fc = NDP mp – Net indirect taxes
(indirect tax – subsidies)
59. NDP Mp =GDP Mp – depreciation
60. NDP= C+(In)+G+(X-M)
61. NNP Fc = GDP mp - depreciation + Net factor
income from abroad – Net indirect taxes
62. NNP fc = NDP fc + Net factor income from
abroad.
63. NNP Mp = GNP Mp – depreciation (Net
National Product at market prices is the net value
of final goods and services evaluated at market
prices in the course of one year in a country)
64. NNP=GDP-Depreciation
65. NNP=NI-Indirect taxes
66. In=Ig-Depreciation (Net Investment is equal
to Gross Investment minus depreciation). Net
investment is actual value in market.
67. Ig=In+ Depreciation (Gross Investment is
equal to Net investment plus depreciation). Total
investment in a machine)
68. NX=X-M (Net Export equal to export minus
imports)
69. Two sector economy consists of (also known
as simple economy): households + firms ((Y=E=0)
70. Three sector economy consists of (also
known as closed economy): households + firms +
government
71. Four sector economy consists of (also known
as open economy): household + firms +
government + external sector (export and import).
72. Closed economy is no exports or imports
73. Always NDP<GDP, Depreciation > Zero (O)
74. Net earnings = revenue – expenses.
75. Trade Balance=Export – Import
76. Trade Balance may be positive
(Export>Import) or negative (Export<Import)
77. Indirect tax = Net Indirect tax + Subsidy
78. Net Indirect Tax = Indirect Tax – subsidy
79. NFIA=Net Factor Income from Ab
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Karpathu IAS
👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍👍
1. The excess of imports over exports is called
trade deficit.
2. The excess of exports over imports is called
trade surplus.
3. (NNP FC is the sum total of factor income
earned by normal residents of a country during
the accounting year)
4. GDP =GNP – NIFA
5. GNP = GDP + NIFA
6. NNP = GNP – Depreciation
7. GNP = NNP + Depreciation
8. NDP = NNP – NIFA
9. NNP = NDP + NIFA
10. NDP = GDP – Depreciation
11. GDP = NDP + Deprecation
12. NNP = NDPFC + X-M
13. GNPFC = GNPMP – Net Indirect Taxes
14. NNPMP = GNP bMP – Depreciation
15. GDPMP = GNPMP – NIFA
16. NDPMP = NNPMP – NIFA
17. NNPFC = NNPMP – Net Indirect Taxes
18. GDPFC = GDPMP – Net Indirect Taxes
NDPMP = GDPMP – Depreciation
19. GDPFC = GNPFC – NIFA
20. NNPFC = GNPFC – Depreciation
21. NDPFC = NDPMP – Net Indirect Taxes
22. NDPFC = NNPFC – NIFA
23. NDPFC = GDPFC – Depreciation
24. NNPFC = GNPMP – Depreciation – Net
indirect Taxes
25. GNPFC = NNPMP + Depreciation – Net
Indirect Taxes
26. GNPFC = NNPMP – Net Indirect Taxes +
Depreciation
27. NDPMP = GDP – Capital Consumption
28. NDPFC = NDP – Indirect Taxes + subsidies
29. NDPFC = GDPMP – Depreciation _ Net
Indirect Taxes
30. NDPMP = GNPMP – NIFA – Depreciation
31. GDP FC = GNDMP – NIFA – Net Indirect
Taxes
32. NDPFC = NNPMP – NIFA – Net Indirect
Taxes
33. NDPFC = GNPFC – NIFA – Depreciation
34. NNPMP = NDPFC + NIFA + Net Indirect Taxes
35. GNPMP = NNPFC + Net Indirect Taxes +
Depreciation
36. GNPMP = NNPFC + Depreciation + Net
indirect Taxes
37. GNPFC = NDPFC + NIFA + Depreciation
38. GNPMP = GDPFC + NIFA + Net Indirect Taxes
39. GDPFC = NDPMP – Net Indirect Taxes +
Depreciation
40. GNPMP = NDPMP + NIFA + Depreciation
41. GDPMP = NDPFC + Depreciation + Net Indirect
Taxes
42. GNPFC = GNPMP – Net Indirect Taxes +
subsidies
43. PDI = NI (All Taxes+ Business savings) +
Transfer Payments
44. PDI = PI – Direct Taxes on Persons
45. DPI = PI- Personal Taxes
46. PI = NI – Corporate Income Taxes –
undistributed Corporate Profits – Social Security
Contributions + Transfer Payments
47. NI = NNP – Indirect Taxes + Subsides
48. Real GNP=Nominal GNP/ GNP Deflator
49. Per Capita Real Income=Real National
Income/Size of the Population
50. NDPMP = GNPMP – NIFA –Depreication
51. GNPMP = NDPFC + Net Indirect Taxes + NIFA
+ Depreciation
52. NDPFC = GNPMP – Depreciation – NIFA –
Net Indirect Taxes
53. DPI=PI-Personal taxes
54. GDP Fc = NDP fc + depreciation
55. GDP=C+I+G+(X-M)
56. GDP=GNP - Nx (Net foreign factor income)
57. GNP=NNP+ Depreciation
58. NDP Fc = NDP mp – Net indirect taxes
(indirect tax – subsidies)
59. NDP Mp =GDP Mp – depreciation
60. NDP= C+(In)+G+(X-M)
61. NNP Fc = GDP mp - depreciation + Net factor
income from abroad – Net indirect taxes
62. NNP fc = NDP fc + Net factor income from
abroad.
63. NNP Mp = GNP Mp – depreciation (Net
National Product at market prices is the net value
of final goods and services evaluated at market
prices in the course of one year in a country)
64. NNP=GDP-Depreciation
65. NNP=NI-Indirect taxes
66. In=Ig-Depreciation (Net Investment is equal
to Gross Investment minus depreciation). Net
investment is actual value in market.
67. Ig=In+ Depreciation (Gross Investment is
equal to Net investment plus depreciation). Total
investment in a machine)
68. NX=X-M (Net Export equal to export minus
imports)
69. Two sector economy consists of (also known
as simple economy): households + firms ((Y=E=0)
70. Three sector economy consists of (also
known as closed economy): households + firms +
government
71. Four sector economy consists of (also known
as open economy): household + firms +
government + external sector (export and import).
72. Closed economy is no exports or imports
73. Always NDP<GDP, Depreciation > Zero (O)
74. Net earnings = revenue – expenses.
75. Trade Balance=Export – Import
76. Trade Balance may be positive
(Export>Import) or negative (Export<Import)
77. Indirect tax = Net Indirect tax + Subsidy
78. Net Indirect Tax = Indirect Tax – subsidy
79. NFIA=Net Factor Income from Ab
road
80. NFIA=Income received from abroad – income
paid off abroad
80. NFIA=Income received from abroad – income
paid off abroad
What is Eye-Gaze Technology?
#KARPATHUIAS
Karpathu IAS
Eye-gaze control technology allows children and adults with cerebral palsy to use movements of their eyes to operate a laptop, computer or speech-generating device.
This technology can be used for many purposes, including playing games, accessing the internet and communicating with family and friends.
Why did Pisa tower lean?
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a freestanding bell tower located in the city of Pisa in Italy. Like its name suggest, it actually does lean to one side. The tower started to lean during construction because the foundation was built on soft ground that had difficulty supporting the weight.
It had begun to lean by the time its builders got to the third story, in 1178. Shifting soil had destabilized the tower's foundations. It kept leaning more and more.
What is Neural Tube defect?
Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord. They happen in the first month of pregnancy, often before a woman even knows that she is pregnant. The two most common neural tube defects are spina bifida and anencephaly. In spina bifida, the fetal spinal column doesn't close completely. There is usually nerve damage that causes at least some paralysis of the legs. In anencephaly, most of the brain and skull do not develop. Babies with anencephaly are usually either stillborn or die shortly after birth. Another type of defect, Chiari malformation, causes the brain tissue to extend into the spinal canal.
#KARPATHUIAS
Karpathu IAS
Eye-gaze control technology allows children and adults with cerebral palsy to use movements of their eyes to operate a laptop, computer or speech-generating device.
This technology can be used for many purposes, including playing games, accessing the internet and communicating with family and friends.
Why did Pisa tower lean?
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a freestanding bell tower located in the city of Pisa in Italy. Like its name suggest, it actually does lean to one side. The tower started to lean during construction because the foundation was built on soft ground that had difficulty supporting the weight.
It had begun to lean by the time its builders got to the third story, in 1178. Shifting soil had destabilized the tower's foundations. It kept leaning more and more.
What is Neural Tube defect?
Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord. They happen in the first month of pregnancy, often before a woman even knows that she is pregnant. The two most common neural tube defects are spina bifida and anencephaly. In spina bifida, the fetal spinal column doesn't close completely. There is usually nerve damage that causes at least some paralysis of the legs. In anencephaly, most of the brain and skull do not develop. Babies with anencephaly are usually either stillborn or die shortly after birth. Another type of defect, Chiari malformation, causes the brain tissue to extend into the spinal canal.
RBI POLICY RATES AND RATIOS- OCTOBER-2017
@UPSC_18
Current Bank Rate :- 6.25%
Current Repo Rate:- 6.00%
Current Reverse Repo:-5.75%
Current Marginal Standing Facility Rate :-6.25%
Current Cash Reserve Ratio:-4%
Current Statutory Liquidity Ratio:-20.00%
@UPSC_18
Current Bank Rate :- 6.25%
Current Repo Rate:- 6.00%
Current Reverse Repo:-5.75%
Current Marginal Standing Facility Rate :-6.25%
Current Cash Reserve Ratio:-4%
Current Statutory Liquidity Ratio:-20.00%
What is Blue Brain Technology?
🗳️@UPSC_2018🗳️
The Blue Brain, a Swiss national brain initiative, aims to create a digital reconstruction of the brain by reverse-engineering mammalian brain circuitry. The mission of the project, founded in May 2005 by the Brain and Mind Institute of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland, is to use biologically-detailed digital reconstructions and simulations of the mammalian brain (brain simulation) to identify the fundamental principles of brain structure and function in health and disease.
🗳️@UPSC_2018🗳️
The Blue Brain, a Swiss national brain initiative, aims to create a digital reconstruction of the brain by reverse-engineering mammalian brain circuitry. The mission of the project, founded in May 2005 by the Brain and Mind Institute of the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland, is to use biologically-detailed digital reconstructions and simulations of the mammalian brain (brain simulation) to identify the fundamental principles of brain structure and function in health and disease.
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Karpathu IAS (Youtube)
TNPSC -IMPORTANT ARTICLES (INDIAN POLITY)
️குடியரசு தலைவர் மற்றும் துணை குடியரசு தலைவர் பற்றி கூறும் விதிகள்:-
🏛 விதி 52 - குடியரசு தலைவர் பதவி
🏛 விதி 53 - குடியரசு தலைவரின் நிர்வாக அதிகாரம்
🏛 விதி 54 - குடியரசு தலைவர் தேர்தல்
🏛 விதி 55 - குடியரசு தலைவர் தேர்தல் நடத்தும் முறை
🏛 விதி 56 - குடியரசு தலைவர் பதவிக்காலம்
🏛 விதி 57 - குடியரசு தலைவர் மறுநியமணம்
🏛 விதி 58 - குடியரசு தலைவர் தகுதிகள்
🏛 விதி 60 - குடியரசு தலைவர் பதிவியேற்றம் போது உறுதிமொழி
🏛 விதி 61 - குடியரசு தலைவர் பதவி நீக்கம்
🏛 விதி 62 - குடியரசு தலைவர் பதவி காலியிடமாகும் போது தேர்தல் நடத்தப்பட வேண்டிய கால அவகாசம்
🏛 விதி 63 - துணை குடியரசு தலைவர் பதவி
🏛 விதி 64 - துணை குடியரசு தலைவர் ராஜ்யசபா பதவி வழித்தலைவர் பற்றி
🏛 விதி 65 - குடியரசு தலைவர் இல்லாத போது அவர் பொறுப்புகளை துணை குடியரசு தலைவர் கவனிப்பார்
🏛 விதி 66 - துணை குடியரசு தலைவர் தேர்தல்
🏛 விதி 67 - துணை குடியரசு தலைவர் பதவிக்காலம்
🏛 விதி 69 - துணை குடியரசு தலைவர் பதவிப் பிரமாணம்
🏛 விதி 71 - ஒரு ஜனாதிபதி அல்லது துணை ஜனாதிபதியின் தேர்தல் தொடர்பாக அல்லது சம்பந்தப்பட்ட விடயங்கள்
🏛 விதி 72 - குடியரசு தலைவர் மரண தண்டனை மற்றும் பிற தண்டனைகளை மன்னிக்கும் அதிகாரம்
Follow us on
https://twitter.com/Karpathu_IAS
https://t.me/UPSC_2018
https://karpathuias.blogspot.in
https://www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
https://m.facebook.com/groups/1810762489240802/?source=create_flow
TNPSC -IMPORTANT ARTICLES (INDIAN POLITY)
️குடியரசு தலைவர் மற்றும் துணை குடியரசு தலைவர் பற்றி கூறும் விதிகள்:-
🏛 விதி 52 - குடியரசு தலைவர் பதவி
🏛 விதி 53 - குடியரசு தலைவரின் நிர்வாக அதிகாரம்
🏛 விதி 54 - குடியரசு தலைவர் தேர்தல்
🏛 விதி 55 - குடியரசு தலைவர் தேர்தல் நடத்தும் முறை
🏛 விதி 56 - குடியரசு தலைவர் பதவிக்காலம்
🏛 விதி 57 - குடியரசு தலைவர் மறுநியமணம்
🏛 விதி 58 - குடியரசு தலைவர் தகுதிகள்
🏛 விதி 60 - குடியரசு தலைவர் பதிவியேற்றம் போது உறுதிமொழி
🏛 விதி 61 - குடியரசு தலைவர் பதவி நீக்கம்
🏛 விதி 62 - குடியரசு தலைவர் பதவி காலியிடமாகும் போது தேர்தல் நடத்தப்பட வேண்டிய கால அவகாசம்
🏛 விதி 63 - துணை குடியரசு தலைவர் பதவி
🏛 விதி 64 - துணை குடியரசு தலைவர் ராஜ்யசபா பதவி வழித்தலைவர் பற்றி
🏛 விதி 65 - குடியரசு தலைவர் இல்லாத போது அவர் பொறுப்புகளை துணை குடியரசு தலைவர் கவனிப்பார்
🏛 விதி 66 - துணை குடியரசு தலைவர் தேர்தல்
🏛 விதி 67 - துணை குடியரசு தலைவர் பதவிக்காலம்
🏛 விதி 69 - துணை குடியரசு தலைவர் பதவிப் பிரமாணம்
🏛 விதி 71 - ஒரு ஜனாதிபதி அல்லது துணை ஜனாதிபதியின் தேர்தல் தொடர்பாக அல்லது சம்பந்தப்பட்ட விடயங்கள்
🏛 விதி 72 - குடியரசு தலைவர் மரண தண்டனை மற்றும் பிற தண்டனைகளை மன்னிக்கும் அதிகாரம்
Follow us on
https://twitter.com/Karpathu_IAS
https://t.me/UPSC_2018
https://karpathuias.blogspot.in
https://www.youtube.com/c/Karpathuias
https://m.facebook.com/groups/1810762489240802/?source=create_flow
YouTube
TNPSC -IMPORTANT ARTICLES (INDIAN POLITY)
️குடியரசு தலைவர் மற்றும் துணை குடியரசு தலைவர் பற்றி கூறும் விதிகள்:-
🏛 விதி 52 - குடியரசு தலைவர் பதவி
🏛 விதி 53 - குடியரசு தலைவரின் நிர்வாக அதிகாரம்
🏛 விதி 54 - குடியரசு தலைவர் தேர்தல்
🏛 விதி 55 - குடியரசு தலைவர் தேர்தல் நடத்தும் முறை
🏛 விதி 56 - குடியரசு…
🏛 விதி 52 - குடியரசு தலைவர் பதவி
🏛 விதி 53 - குடியரசு தலைவரின் நிர்வாக அதிகாரம்
🏛 விதி 54 - குடியரசு தலைவர் தேர்தல்
🏛 விதி 55 - குடியரசு தலைவர் தேர்தல் நடத்தும் முறை
🏛 விதி 56 - குடியரசு…
Why Are Coins Round Instead Of Square Or Rectangle?
@UPSC_18
Actually, the first coins were rectangular bars of electrum( an alloy of gold and silver) punched with an round official symbol but accountants found round coins easier to stack and count. Also, round coins are easier to mint. A circular die simply needs to line up with the opposing circular blank to mint a coin successfully. Non-circular coins are more susceptible to wear and tear due to the corners than the circular ones.
@UPSC_18
Actually, the first coins were rectangular bars of electrum( an alloy of gold and silver) punched with an round official symbol but accountants found round coins easier to stack and count. Also, round coins are easier to mint. A circular die simply needs to line up with the opposing circular blank to mint a coin successfully. Non-circular coins are more susceptible to wear and tear due to the corners than the circular ones.