Given an array of Intervals arr[][], where arr[i] = [starti, endi]. The task is to merge all of the overlapping Intervals.

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Geek has an array of non-overlapping intervals intervals where intervals[i] = [starti, endi] represent the start and the end of the ith event and intervals is sorted in ascending order by starti. He wants to add a new interval newInterval= [newStart, newEnd] where newStart and newEnd represent the start and end of this interval.

Help Geek to insert newInterval into intervals such that intervals is still sorted in ascending order by starti and intervals still does not have any overlapping intervals (merge overlapping intervals if necessary).

Given a 2D array intervals[][] of representing intervals where intervals[i] = [starti, endi]. Return the minimum number of intervals you need to remove to make the rest of the intervals non-overlapping.

Given two sorted arrays a[] and b[] of size n and m respectively, the task is to merge them in sorted order without using any extra space. Modify a[] so that it contains the first n elements and modify b[] so that it contains the last m elements.

Given a sorted array, arr[] and a number target, you need to find the number of occurrences of target in arr[].

A sorted array of distinct elements arr[] is rotated at some unknown point, the task is to find the minimum element in it.

Given a sorted and rotated array arr[] of distinct elements, the task is to find the index of a target key. Return -1 if the key is not found.

Given an array arr[] where no two adjacent elements are same, find the index of a peak element. An element is considered to be a peak if it is greater than its adjacent elements (if they exist). If there are multiple peak elements, return index of any one of them. The output will be "true" if the index returned by your function is correct; otherwise, it will be "false".

Note: Consider the element before the first element and the element after the last element to be negative infinity.

Given two sorted arrays a[] and b[] and an element k, the task is to find the element that would be at the kth position of the combined sorted array.

*Learn - Implement - Grow - Repeat*

You are given an array with unique elements of stalls[], which denote the position of a stall. You are also given an integer k which denotes the number of aggressive cows. Your task is to assign stalls to k cows such that the minimum distance between any two of them is the maximum possible.

You are given an array arr[] of integers, where each element arr[i] represents the number of pages in the ith book. You also have an integer k representing the number of students. The task is to allocate books to each student such that:

Each student receives atleast one book.
Each student is assigned a contiguous sequence of books.
No book is assigned to more than one student.
The objective is to minimize the maximum number of pages assigned to any student. In other words, out of all possible allocations, find the arrangement where the student who receives the most pages still has the smallest possible maximum.

Note: Return -1 if a valid assignment is not possible, and allotment should be in contiguous order (see the explanation for better understanding).

Tell me about NISAR Satellite in full details

NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a joint mission between NASA and ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation) that launched a radar-imaging satellite designed to map Earth's surface, focusing on changes over time in elevation and vegetation. Here's a detailed overview:

Purpose and Mission:
NISAR's primary goal is to study the Earth's dynamic surface processes over decades. It observes:

* Land Subsidence and Uplift: Identifying changes in land elevation due to factors like groundwater extraction, tectonic activity, and ice melt.
* Surface Deformation: Monitoring the movement of Earth's surface in regions prone to earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
* Forest and Vegetation Change: Tracking the health, growth, and change in forest cover, which are crucial indicators of climate change impacts.
* Glacier Fluctuation: Observing glacier movement, volume changes, and related effects on water resources.
* Sea Level Rise: Studying land movement and sea-level variations, which provide data needed to understand impacts.
* Landslide Analysis: Tracking landslides and evaluating the potential impacts from seismic events.
* Changes in agriculture and farming activities.


Technology:
The NISAR satellite utilizes two powerful synthetic aperture radar (SAR) instruments working in conjunction:
* NASA's SAR: Providing high-resolution imagery across a wider swath (the area of land visible) focusing on diverse areas and terrain characteristics
* ISRO's SAR: Focusing on higher sensitivity for monitoring forest and vegetation parameters, in tandem with the wider area-spanning imaging of NASA's instrument.

This combined approach allows NISAR to achieve high spatial resolution and measure subtle changes in terrain. Both instruments operate at different frequencies enabling a more comprehensive picture and better detection of different types of surface features. The dual radar system allows independent validation of observations.

Orbital Characteristics:
NISAR's orbit allows it to obtain repeated measurements of the same area. This is crucial for identifying small and localized changes over time.


Data Collection and Processing:
The radar data is collected across a wide range of wavelengths enabling better detection of features. After collection, data is then analyzed and processed by computer algorithms which allow experts to visualize change, quantify variations, and evaluate relationships. The high quality, accuracy, and resolution make this collected information highly useful for scientists and researchers involved in environmental monitoring, natural hazards analysis and other areas of study. The results and data collected are then made publicly available.

Expected Contributions and Benefits:
The data obtained by NISAR is expected to benefit numerous fields:

* Climate Change Research: Understanding the impact of climate change on various Earth surface processes.
* Natural Hazards Management: Improving disaster preparedness and response efforts.
* Water Resources Management: Optimizing water resources use and addressing drought concerns.
* Land-Use Planning: Providing more data for comprehensive, intelligent land management decisions.
* Scientific Discoveries: Contribute to a more profound understanding of global systems.

Challenges and Considerations:
NISAR, while innovative and well-suited, is subject to usual spacecraft mission risks.

* Maintenance: Precise long-term orbit control, continuous communication are crucial.
* Data Management: The enormous data sets require advanced data storage and processing solutions.

Conclusion:
The NISAR satellite mission represents a significant advance in Earth observation technologies, enabling a new era of understanding how our planet evolves and its surface dynamic responses. Its insights from surface deformation, glacier dynamics, and vegetation health promise valuable support in climate research, natural hazard assessment, and effective resource management globally.

Given a sorted array of distinct positive integers arr[], we need to find the kth positive number that is missing from arr[].

You are given a rectangular matrix mat[][] of size n x m, and your task is to return an array while traversing the matrix in spiral form.

Given a square matrix mat[][] of size n x n. The task is to rotate it by 90 degrees in an anti-clockwise direction without using any extra space.

Given a 2D integer matrix mat[][] of size n x m, where every row and column is sorted in increasing order and a number x, the task is to find whether element x is present in the matrix.